SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Compulsory sterilization</title>

</head>

Compulsory sterilization

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li>

<li><a href="Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>

<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>

<li><a href="Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li>

<li><a href="Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li>

<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li>

<li><a href="Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li>

<li><a href="Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a>

<ul><li><a href="Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Misogynoir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>

<li><a href="Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a>

<li><a href="Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>

<li><a href="Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">Religious exemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_non-believers_or_irreligion" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of non-believers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li>

<li>In Islam

<ul><li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li>

<li><a href="Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">In China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hazara_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hazara sentiment">Hazara</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a>

<ul><li><a href="Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Indonesian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indonesian sentiment">Indonesian</a></li>

<li>Indigenous people

<ul><li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Khmer_sentiment" title="Anti-Khmer sentiment">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li>

<li>Compulsory sterilization</li>

<li><a href="Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>

<li><a href="Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li>

<li><a href="High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li>

<li><a href="Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a>

<ul><li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li>

<li><a href="International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a>

<ul><li><a href="LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li>

<li><a href="Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a>

<ul><li><a href="Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>

<li><a href="Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>

<li><a href="Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li>

<li><a href="Selective_enforcement" title="Selective enforcement">Selective enforcement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>

<li><a href="White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li>

<li><a href="White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Apartheid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">in Israel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li>

<li><a href="Protecting_Women's_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_LGBTQ_rights" title="Opposition to LGBTQ rights">Opposition to LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li>

<li><a href="Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li>

<li><a href="Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a>

<li><a href="Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a>

<ul><li><a href="Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li>

<li><a href="Autism_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li>

<li><a href="Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>

<li><a href="Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>

<li><a href="Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li>

<li><a href="Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li>

<li><a href="Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white">

Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocides_in_history_(before_1490)" title="Genocides in history (before 1490)">Genocides in history (before 1490)</a></li>

<li><a href="21st_century_genocides" title="21st century genocides">21st century</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li>

<li>In relation to <a href="Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetrators%2C_victims%2C_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Types

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_education" title="Genocide education">Education</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white">

Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;">

<ul>

<li><a href="Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

Category</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

Compulsory sterilization, also known as forced or coerced sterilization, refers to any government-mandated program to <a href="Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">involuntarily</a> <a href="Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilize</a> a specific group of people. Sterilization removes a person's capacity to reproduce, and is usually done by surgical or <a href="Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical</a> means.

Purported justifications for compulsory sterilization have included <a href="Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">population control</a>, <a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, limiting the spread of <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, and <a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">ethnic genocide</a>.

Forced sterilization can also occur as a form of <a href="Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>. While not always mandated by law (<a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>), there are cases where forced sterilization has occurred in practice (<a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>). This distinction highlights the difference between official policies and actual implementation, where <a href="Coercion" title="Coercion">coerced</a> sterilization take place even without explicit legal authorization.

Several countries implemented sterilization programs in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Although such programs have been made illegal in much of the world, instances of forced or coerced sterilizations still persist.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affected_populations">Affected populations</h2></div>

Governmental family-planning programs emerged in the late 1800s, and have continued to progress through the 21st century. During this time, feminists began advocating for reproductive choice, but eugenicists and hygienists were advocating for low-income and disabled peoples to be sterilized or have their fertility tightly regulated, in order to "clean" or "perfect" nations.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a> The second half of the 20th century saw national governments' uptake of <a href="Neo-Malthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusian">neo-Malthusian</a> ideology that directly linked population growth to increased (and uncontrollable) poverty, which, during the embrace of capitalism, meant that countries were unable to economically develop due to this poverty.

Much of these governmental population control programs were focused on using sterilization as the main avenue to reduce high birth rates, even though public acknowledgement that sterilization made an impact on the population levels of the developing world is still widely lacking.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Early population programs of the 20th century were marked as part of the eugenics movement, with <a href="Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi Germany's programs</a> providing the most well-known examples of sterilization of disabled people.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In the 1970s, population control programs focused on the "third world" to help curtail over population of poverty areas that were beginning to "develop" (Duden 1992).

As of 2013, 24 countries in Europe required sterilization for legal gender recognition and 16 countries did not provide for any possibility to change legal gender at all, which meant that transgender people could have challenges applying for jobs, opening bank accounts, boarding planes, or may not be able to do these things at all.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Disabled women in Europe are also common targets of forced sterilization. "'So many times, you hear it’s in the best interest of the woman,' said <a href="Catalina_Devandas_Aguilar" title="Catalina Devandas Aguilar">Catalina Devandas Aguilar</a>, a former <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> special rapporteur for disability rights. 'But often, it’s because it’s more convenient for the family or the institution that takes care of them.'"<a href="#cite_note-:12-7">[7]</a>

On 1 February 2013, the <a href="United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Torture_and_Other_Cruel%2C_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture</a> (SRT) issued a report on abusive practices in health care settings that has important implications for LGBT people and people with intersex conditions. In section 88, the SRT says States should:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><blockquote class="templatequote">repeal any law allowing intrusive and irreversible treatments, including forced genital-normalizing surgery, involuntary sterilization, unethical experimentation, medical display, "reparative therapies" or "conversion therapies", when enforced or administered without the free and informed consent of the person concerned. He also calls upon them to outlaw forced or coerced sterilization in all circumstances and provide special protection to individuals belonging to marginalized groups.<a href="#cite_note-transequality.org-8">[8]</a></blockquote>

In May 2014, the <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a>, <a href="UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a>, <a href="UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a>, <a href="UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a>, <a href="UNFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFPA">UNFPA</a>, and <a href="UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> issued a joint statement on "Eliminating forced, coercive, and otherwise involuntary sterilization". The report references the involuntary sterilization of a number of specific population groups. They include:

<ul><li>Women, especially in relation to coercive population control policies, and particularly including women living with <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, indigenous and ethnic minority girls and women. Indigenous and ethnic minority women often face "wrongful stereotyping based on gender, race and ethnicity".

<ul><li>In the United States the funding of mothers on welfare by HEW (Health, Education, and Welfare) covers roughly 90% of cost and doctors are likely to concur with the compulsory sterilization of mothers on welfare.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Threats to cease welfare occur when women are hesitant to consent.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disabled_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled people">Disabled people</a>, especially those with <a href="Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>. Women with intellectual disabilities are "often treated as if they have no control, or should have no control, over their sexual and reproductive choices". Other rationales include menstrual management for "women who have or are perceived to have difficulties coping with or managing menses, or whose health conditions (such as epilepsy) or behaviour are negatively affected by menses." Men with intellectual disabilities are also sterilized, sometimes using the justification that it provides greater sexual freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Barton-Hanson_2015_pp._49–73-10">[10]</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> persons, who "are often subjected to cosmetic and other non-medically indicated surgeries performed on their reproductive organs, without their <a href="Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> or that of their parents, and without taking into consideration the views of the children involved", often as a "sex-normalizing" treatment.</li>

<li><a href="Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> persons, "as a prerequisite to receiving gender-affirmative treatment and gender-marker changes". This being a practice that the <a href="United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> on <a href="United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Torture_and_Other_Cruel%2C_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment</a> has described as a violation of the <a href="Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul>

The report recommends a range of guiding principles for medical treatment, including ensuring patient autonomy in decision-making, and ensuring non-discrimination, accountability, and access to remedies.<a href="#cite_note-who-2014-12">[12]</a> Scholars have also emphasized the importance of including the voices and stories of those that have been affected.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_part_of_human_population_planning">As a part of human population planning</h2></div>

Human population planning is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population planning has been implemented by limiting the population's <a href="Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>, usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of <a href="Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">environmental concerns</a>, religious reasons, and <a href="Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>. While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, some programs have exposed them to exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

In the 1977 textbook Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment, authors Paul and Anne Ehrlich, and <a href="John_Holdren" title="John Holdren">John Holdren</a> discuss a variety of means to address human overpopulation, including the possibility of compulsory sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This book received renewed media attention with the appointment of Holdren as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Director of the White House <a href="Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a>, largely from conservative pundits who have published scans of the textbook online.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Several forms of compulsory sterilization are mentioned, including the proposal for vasectomies for men with three or more children in India in the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> sterilizing women after the birth of their second or third child, birth control implants as a form of removable, long-term sterilization, a licensing system allotting a certain number of children per woman,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> economic and quota systems of having a certain number of children,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and adding a sterilant to drinking water or food sources, although the authors are clear that no such sterilant exists nor is one in development.<a href="#cite_note-:02-20">[20]</a> The authors state that most of these policies are not in practice, have not been tried, and most will likely "remain unacceptable to most societies."<a href="#cite_note-:02-20">[20]</a>

Holdren stated in his confirmation hearing that he no longer supports the creation of an optimum population by the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> However, the population control policies suggested in the book are indicative of the concerns about <a href="Overpopulation_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation Debate">overpopulation</a>, also discussed in <a href="The_Population_Bomb" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a> a book written by <a href="Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> and Anne Ehrlich predicting major societal upheavals due to <a href="Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>. As this concern about overpopulation gained political, economic, and social currency, attempts to reduce fertility rates, often through compulsory sterilization, were results of this drive to reduce overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These coercive and abusive population control policies impacted people around the world in different ways, and continue to have social, health, and political consequences, one of which is lasting mistrust in current family planning initiatives by populations who were subjected to coercive policies like forced sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Population control policies were widely critiqued by women's health movement in the 1980s and 1990s, with the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 in Cairo initiating a shift from population control to <a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> and the contemporary <a href="Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">reproductive justice</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, new forms of population control policies, including coercive sterilization practices are a global issue and a reproductive rights and justice issue.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3></div>

The <a href="Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Istanbul Convention</a> prohibits forced sterilization in most European countries (Article 39).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Widespread or systematic forced sterilization has been recognized as a <a href="Crime_against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against Humanity">Crime against Humanity</a> by the <a href="Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> in the explanatory memorandum. This memorandum defines the jurisdiction of the <a href="International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horton-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It does not have universal jurisdiction, with the United States, Russia and China among the countries to exclude themselves.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Rebecca Lee wrote in the <a href="Berkeley_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Berkeley Journal of International Law">Berkeley Journal of International Law</a> that, as of 2015, twenty-one <a href="Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> member states require proof of sterilization in order to change one's <a href="Legal_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal sex">legal sex</a> categorization. Lee wrote that requiring sterilization is a human rights violation and that LGBTQ-specific international treaties may need to be developed in order to protect LGBTQ human rights.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poverty">Poverty</h4></div>

<a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> has a long-running government-operated civilian sterilization program as a part of its population control policy, which targets mainly poor women and men. The government offers 2,000 <a href="Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi Taka</a> (US$18) for women who are persuaded to undergo <a href="Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">tubal ligation</a> and for men who are persuaded to undergo <a href="Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a>. Women are also offered a <a href="Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> and men are offered a <a href="Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> to wear for undergoing sterilization. The referrer, who persuades the woman or man to undergo sterilization gets 300 Bangladeshi Taka (US$2.70).<a href="#cite_note-:4-32">[32]</a>

In 1965, the targeted number of sterilizations per month was 600–1,000 in contrast to the insertion of 25,000 <a href="IUDs" class="mw-redirect" title="IUDs">IUDs</a>, which was increased in 1978 to about 50,000 sterilizations per month on average.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A 50% rise in the amount paid to men coincided with a doubling of the number of vasectomies between 1980 and 1981.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

One study conducted in 1977, when incentives were only equivalent to US$1.10 (at that time), indicated that between 40% and 60% of the men chose vasectomy because of the payment, who otherwise did not have any serious urge to get sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a>

The "Bangladesh Association for Voluntary Sterilization", alone performed 67,000 tubal ligations and vasectomies in its 25 clinics in 1982. The rate of sterilization increased 25 percent each year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-36">[36]</a>

On 16 December 1982, Bangladesh's military ruler <a href="Lieutenant_general_(Bangladesh)" title="Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad" title="Hussain Muhammad Ershad">Hussain Muhammad Ershad</a> launched a two-year mass sterilization program for Bangladeshi women and men. About 3,000 women and men were planned to be sterilized on 16 December 1982 (the opening day). Ershad's government trained 1,200 doctors and 25,000 field workers who must conduct two tubal ligations and two vasectomies each month to earn their salaries. The government wanted to persuade 1.4 million people, both women and men to undergo sterilization within two years.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> One population control expert called it 'the largest sterilization program in the world'.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> By January 1983, 40,000 government field workers were employed in Bangladesh's 65,000 villages to persuade women and men to undergo sterilization and to promote usage of birth-control across the country.<a href="#cite_note-:2-36">[36]</a>

Food subsidies under the group feeding program (VGF) were given to only those women with certificates showing that they had undergone tubal ligation.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

There are reports that often when a woman had to undergo a <a href="Gastrointestinal_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal surgery">gastrointestinal surgery</a>, doctors took this opportunity to sterilize her without her knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-:5-40">[40]</a> According to Bangladesh governmental website "National Emergency Service", the 2000 Bangladeshi Taka (US$24) and the sari/lungi given to the persons undergoing sterilizations are their "compensations". Where Bangladesh government also assures the poor people that it will cover all medical expenses if complications arise after the sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

For the women who are persuaded to have an IUD inserted into their <a href="Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, the government also offers 150 Bangladeshi Taka (US$1.80) after the procedure and 80+80+80=240 Bangladeshi Taka (0.96+0.96+0.96=2.88 USD) in three followups, where the referrer gets 50 Bangladeshi Taka (US$0.60). For the women who are persuaded to have an <a href="Etonogestrel_birth_control_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Etonogestrel birth control implant">etonogestrel birth control implant</a> placed under the skin in their upper arm, the government offers 150 Bangladeshi Taka (US$1.80) after the procedure and 70+70+70=210 Bangladeshi Taka (0.84+0.84+0.84=2.52 USD) in three followups, where the referrer gets 60 Bangladeshi Taka (US$0.72).<a href="#cite_note-:4-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Complications">Complications</h5></div>

In the 1977 study, a one-year follow-up of 585 men sterilized at vasectomy camps in Shibpur and Shalna in rural Bangladesh showed that almost half of the men were dissatisfied with their vasectomies.

58% of the men said their ability to work had decreased in the last year. 2–7% of the men said their sexual performance decreases. 30.6% of the Shibpur and 18.9% of the Shalna men experienced severe pain during the vasectomy. The men also said they had not received all of the incentives they had been promised.<a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a>

According to another study on 5042 women and 264 men who underwent sterilization, complications such as painful urination, shaking chills, fever for at least two days, frequent urination, bleeding from the incision, sore with pus, stitches or skin breaking open, weakness and <a href="Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a> arose after the sterilization.

The person's sex, the sponsor and workload in the sterilization center, and the dose of <a href="Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> administered to women were significantly associated with specific postoperative complaints. Five women died during the study, resulting in a death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligations); four deaths were due to <a href="Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a> caused by overuse of sedatives. The death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligation) in this study is similar to the 10.0 deaths/10,000 cases estimated on the basis of a 1979 follow-up study in an Indian female sterilization camp. The presence of a complaint before the operation was generally a good predictor of postoperative complaints. Centers performing fewer than 200 procedures were associated with more complaints.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

According to another study based on 20 sterilization-attributable deaths in <a href="Dacca_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca Division">Dacca</a> (now Dhaka) and <a href="Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi</a> Divisions in Bangladesh, from 1 January 1979, to 31 March 1980, overall, the sterilization-attributable death-to-case rate was 21.3 deaths/100,000 sterilizations. The death rate for vasectomy was 1.6 times higher than that for tubal ligation. <a href="Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a> overdosage was the leading cause of death following tubal ligation along with <a href="Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> (24%), where intraperitoneal hemorrhage (14%), and infection other than tetanus (5%) was other leading causes of death.

Two women (10%) died from <a href="Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> after tubal ligation; one (5%) died from each of the following: <a href="Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> from anti-tetanus serum, <a href="Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>, <a href="Small_bowel_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Small bowel obstruction">small bowel obstruction</a>, and aspiration of vomitus. All seven men died from scrotal infections after vasectomy.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

According to a second epidemiologic investigation of deaths attributable to sterilization in Bangladesh, where all deaths resulting from sterilizations performed nationwide between 16 September 1980 and 15 April 1981, were investigated and analyzed, nineteen deaths from tubal ligation were attributed to 153,032 sterilizations (both tubal ligation and vasectomy), for an overall death-to-case rate of 12.4 deaths per 100,000 sterilizations. This rate was lower than that (21.3) for sterilizations performed in Dacca (now Dhaka) and Rajshahi Divisions from 1 January 1979 to 31 March 1980, although this difference was not statistically significant. Anesthesia overdosage, tetanus, and <a href="Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a> (bleeding) were the leading causes of death.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Backers">Backers</h5></div>

These civilian sterilization programs are funded by the countries from <a href="Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a> and the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-40">[40]</a> <a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World bank</a> is also known to have sponsored these civilian exploitative sterilization programs in Bangladesh. Historically, World Bank is known to have pressured 3rd World governments to implement population control programs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

Bangladesh has the highest <a href="Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> in the world among the countries having at least 10 million people. The capital Dhaka is the 4th <a href="List_of_cities_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by population density">most densely populated city</a> in the world, which ranked as the world's 2nd most unlivable city, just behind <a href="Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, according to the annual "<a href="World's_most_liveable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="World's most liveable cities">Liveability Ranking</a>" 2015 by the <a href="Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> (EIU).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rohingya">Rohingya</h4></div>

Bangladesh is planning to introduce a sterilization program in its overcrowded <a href="Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> refugee camps, where nearly a million refugees are fighting for space, after efforts to encourage birth control failed. Since 25 August 2017, more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslims have fled from <a href="Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine state</a>, <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to neighboring Bangladesh, which is a Muslim majority country, following a military crackdown against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine. Sabura, a Rohingya mother of seven, said her husband believed the couple could support a large family.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-Rohingya-48">[48]</a>

<blockquote>I spoke to my husband about birth control measures. But he is not convinced. He was given two condoms but he did not use them. My husband said we need more children as we have land and property (in Rakhine). We don't have to worry to feed them.</blockquote>

District family planning authorities have managed to distribute just 549 packets of condoms among the refugees, amid reports they are reluctant to use them. They have asked the government to approve a plan to provide vasectomies for men and tubectomies (tubal ligation) for women in the camps.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-Rohingya-48">[48]</a>

One volunteer, Farhana Sultana, said the women she spoke to believed birth control was a sin and others saw it as against the tenets of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-Rohingya-48">[48]</a>

Bangladeshi officials say about 20,000 Rohingya refugee women are pregnant and 600 have given birth since arriving in the country, but this may not be accurate as many births take place without formal medical help.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-Rohingya-48">[48]</a>

Every month 250 Bangladeshis undergo sterilization routinely under the government's sterilization program in the border district of <a href="Cox's_Bazar_District" title="Cox's Bazar District">Cox's Bazar</a>, where the Rohingya refugee Muslims have taken shelter.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-Rohingya-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div>

During the 1970s–80s, the U.S. government sponsored family planning campaigns in Brazil, although sterilization was illegal at the time there.<a href="#cite_note-:8-50">[50]</a> Dalsgaard examined sterilization practices in Brazil; analyzing the choices of women who opt for this type of reproductive healthcare in order to prevent future pregnancies and so they can accurately plan their families.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> While many women choose this form of contraception, there are many societal factors that impact this decision, such as poor economic circumstances, low rates of employment, and Catholic religious mandates that stipulate sterilization as less harmful than abortion.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

An important case in the legal history of compulsory sterilization in Brazil is the 2018 São Paulo case.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Prosecutors filed to have a mother of eight forcibly sterilized after she was arrested on charges of drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:6-54">[54]</a> This motion was justified by the mother's poverty, substance abuse disorder, and inability to care for her children, and the judge ruled in favor of sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The surgery was carried out, reportedly against the woman's will.<a href="#cite_note-:6-54">[54]</a> Legal experts discussing the case have stated the sterilization of a woman in Brazil is legal when determined absolutely necessary, but it is not clear what qualifies as necessary.<a href="#cite_note-:6-54">[54]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada" title="Compulsory sterilization in Canada">Compulsory sterilization in Canada</a></div>

<a href="Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada" title="Compulsory sterilization in Canada">Compulsory sterilization in Canada</a> of individuals deemed mentally unfit or "socially inadequate" was widespread in the early to mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_v992-56">[56]</a> The belief was that by preventing these individuals from reproducing, society would be protected from the perceived negative impact of their genes. This led to compulsory sterilization of thousands of people, many of whom were Indigenous women, individuals with disabilities, and those deemed to have "undesirable" traits.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_u982-57">[57]</a>

The legal basis for compulsory sterilization in Canada can be traced back to the passage of the <a href="Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a> in Alberta in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z007-58">[58]</a> This legislation allowed for the sterilization of individuals deemed mentally deficient or mentally ill without their consent.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z007-58">[58]</a> Similar legislation existed in British Columbia, although records on sterilizations there are incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_u799-59">[59]</a> Additionally, sterilizations occurred in Saskatchewan, Quebec, Manitoba, Ontario and other regions without specific legal frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_f723-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_c048-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_h185-62">[62]</a> These laws remained in place until the 1970s, when public opinion began to shift and the practice was eventually deemed unethical and inhumane.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z411-63">[63]</a>

Despite legislation Indigenous women allege they were coerced into consenting to sterilization, often during vulnerable moments such as childbirth, from the mid 1970s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_r237-64">[64]</a> In June 2021, the Standing Committee on <a href="Human_Rights_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights in Canada">Human Rights in Canada</a> found that compulsory sterilization is ongoing in Canada and its extent has been underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_:13-65">[65]</a> A bill was introduced to Parliament in 2024 to end the practice.<a href="#cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_y318-66">[66]</a></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a> and <a href="Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></div>

In 1978, Chinese authorities became concerned with the possibility of a baby boom that the country could not handle, and they initialized the <a href="One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>. In order to effectively deal with the complex issues surrounding childbirth, the Chinese government placed great emphasis on family planning. Because this was such an important matter, the government thought it needed to be standardized, and so to this end laws were introduced in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-67">[67]</a> These laws uphold the basic tenets of what was previously put into practice, outlining the rights of the individuals and outlining what the Chinese government can and cannot do to enforce policy.

However, accusations have been raised from groups such as <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, who have claimed that practices of compulsory sterilization have been occurring for people who have already reached their one child quota.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-67">[67]</a> These practices run contrary to the stated principles of the law, and seem to differ on a local level.

The Chinese government appears to be aware of these discrepancies in policy implementation on a local level. For example, The National Population and Family Planning Commission put forth in a statement that, "Some persons concerned in a few counties and townships of Linyi did commit practices that violated law and infringed upon legitimate rights and interests of citizens while conducting family planning work." This statement comes in reference to some charges of forced sterilization and abortions in Linyi city of Shandong Province.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

The policy requires a "social compensation fee" for those who have more than the legal number of children. According to Forbes editor Heng Shao, critics claims this fee is a toll on the poor but not the rich.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> But after 2016, the country has allowed parents to give birth to <a href="Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">two children</a>. In 2017, the government offered to surgically remove the IUDs that had been implanted in women to force them to adhere to the one child policy, if they qualified to have a second child. The removal of these long used IUDs is a major surgery and many women are not informed of the risks that are associated with the surgery, such as bleeding, infection, and removal of the uterus.<a href="#cite_note-:16-70">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</h4></div>

Beginning in 2019, reports of forced sterilization in <a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> began to surface.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 2020, public reporting continued to indicate that large-scale compulsory sterilization was being carried out.<a href="#cite_note-:13-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-75">[75]</a> While national sterilization rates have fallen since the passing of the two child policy in 2016, there has been a sharp increase in the amount of sterilizations in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-:19-76">[76]</a> Many of these surgeries have been forced according to reports, but this is difficult to confirm due to the closed off nature of the area.<a href="#cite_note-:19-76">[76]</a> These measures have sometimes been characterised as part of an ongoing <a href="Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Uyghur genocide</a> in the province.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia_and_the_Czech_Republic">Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic</h3></div>

<a href="Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> carried out a policy to sterilize <a href="Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> women, starting in 1973 continuing through the <a href="Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> of 1989. In some cases, the sterilization was in exchange for social welfare benefits, and the people who were affected were given written agreements which described what was to be done to them, but which they were unable to read due to their illiteracy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The dissidents of the <a href="Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77 movement</a> denounced these practices in 1977–78 as a <a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A 2005 report by the Czech government's independent ombudsman, <a href="Otakar_Motejl" title="Otakar Motejl">Otakar Motejl</a>, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several healthcare workers and administrators.<a href="#cite_note-Czech-79">[79]</a>

Beginning 2012 undergoing sterilization is a requirement for change of name and/or gender markers on official documents for all transgender people in Czechia.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In May 2024 the constitutional court found the laws requiring sterilization to be in violation of EU human rights laws. The court established a deadline of June 2025 where the current government is to draft replacement laws.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3></div>

The time period of 1964–1970 started Colombia's population policy development, including the foundation of PROFAMILIA and through the Ministry of Health the family planning program promoted the use of IUDs, the Pill, and sterilization as the main avenues for contraception. By 2005, Colombia had one of the world's highest contraceptive usage rates at 76.9%, with female sterilization being the highest percentage of use at just over 30% (second highest is the IUD at around 12% and the pill around 10%)<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> (Measham and Lopez-Escobar 2007). In Colombia during the 1980s, sterilization was the second most popular choice of pregnancy prevention (after the Pill), and public healthcare organizations and funders (USAID, AVSC, IPPF) supported sterilization as a way to decrease abortions rates. While not directly forced into sterilization, women of lower socio-economic standing had significantly less options to afford family planning care as sterilizations were subsidized.<a href="#cite_note-:8-50">[50]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3></div>

11,000 people were sterilized in Denmark from 1929 to 1967, about half were sterilized against their will.<a href="#cite_note-:21-83">[83]</a> The forced sterilization program was "mainly was directed at people who were mentally handicapped" because of the popularity of eugenics at the time in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-:21-83">[83]</a> During the 1960s and 1970s, thousands of <a href="Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenlandic Inuit</a> women and girls had IUDs placed without their consent. The birth rate in Greenland was reduced by around 50%. In 2022, Denmark and Greenland agreed to hold a two-year investigation into the program, known as the <a href="Spiral_case" title="Spiral case">spiral case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>

Until 11 June 2014, sterilization was requisite for legal sex change in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3></div>

Finland required forced sterilization for adults to legally change their sex, until 3 April 2023 <a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></div>

One of the first acts by <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> after the <a href="Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a> and the <a href="Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a> gave him de facto legal dictatorship over the <a href="Germany" title="Germany">German</a> state was to pass the <a href="Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring</a> (Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses) in July 1933.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The law was signed by Hitler himself, and over 200 eugenic courts were created specifically as a result of this law. Under it, all doctors in the <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> were required to report any patients of theirs who were deemed <a href="Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectually disabled</a>, characterized <a href="Mentally_ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally ill">mentally ill</a> (including <a href="Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="Manic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Manic depression">manic depression</a>), <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epileptic</a>, blind, deaf, or physically deformed, and a steep monetary penalty was imposed for any patients who were not properly reported. Individuals with <a href="Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> or <a href="Huntington's_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a> could also be sterilized. The individual's case was then presented in front of a court of <a href="Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> officials and public health officers who would review their medical records, take testimony from friends and colleagues, and eventually decide whether or not to order a sterilization operation performed upon the individual, using force if necessary. Though not explicitly covered by the law, 400 mixed-race "<a href="Rhineland_Bastard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhineland Bastard">Rhineland Bastards</a>" were also sterilized beginning in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The sterilization program went on until the war started, with about 600,000 people sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>

By the end of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, over 400,000 individuals were sterilized under the German law and its revisions, most within its first four years of being enacted. When the issue of compulsory sterilization was brought-up at the <a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> after the war, many Nazis defended their actions on the matter by indicating that it was the United States itself from which they had taken inspiration. The Nazis had many other eugenics-inspired <a href="Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial policies</a>, including their <a href="T-4_Euthanasia_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="T-4 Euthanasia Programme">T-4 euthanasia program</a>, in which around 70,000 people who were institutionalized or had birth defects were killed.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3></div>

Guatemala is one country that resisted family planning programs, largely due to lack of governmental support, including <a href="Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">civil war</a> strife, and strong opposition from both the Catholic Church and Evangelical Christians until 2000, and as such, has the lowest prevalence of contraceptive usage in Latin America. In the 1980s, the archbishop of the country accused USAID of mass sterilizations of women without consent, but a President Reagan backed commission found the allegations to be false.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3></div>

Since 2019, nonconsensual sterilization is forbidden in Iceland unless deemed medically necessary. However, this law only addresses the procedures of tubal ligation and surgical blocking of the fallopian tubes, excluding hysterectomies from the ban. Iceland's laws surrounding legalization of sterilization practices also do not address consent of the disabled individuals undergoing these procedures. In March 2023, mother Hermina Hreidarsdottir authorized a hysterectomy for her severely cognitively impaired 20-year-old daughter due to her abnormal menstrual cycle. Ms. Hreidarsdottir took liberty of this decision for her daughter without consulting her because she believed that this sterilization procedure would improve her daughter's quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-:12-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

<a href="The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a> in India from 1975 and 1977 resulted from internal and external conflict for the country, and resulted in misuse of power and human rights violations from the government.<a href="#cite_note-:03-97">[97]</a> On 6 August 1976, the state of <a href="Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> became the first governmental unit to enact legislation mandating compulsory sterilization of men and women after the birth of a third child, passing the Family (Restrictions on Size) Bill on its third reading and sending it to the President of India for the required assent. The President reacted favorably and sent the bill back to the Maharashtra government with suggested amendments that would be necessary for an enactment, but before the measure could be passed, new elections were called and the legislation was not passed.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Another important case was <a href="Uttawar_forced_sterilisations" title="Uttawar forced sterilisations">Uttawar forced sterilisations</a> drive, leading to 800 sterilisations, which made international news.<a href="#cite_note-times-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-100">[100]</a>

Stopping short of forced sterilization, the national government enacted an incentive program for a family planning initiative that began in 1976 in an attempt to lower the exponentially increasing population. This program focused on male citizens and used propaganda and monetary incentives to impoverished citizens to get sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> People who agreed to get sterilized would receive land, housing, and money or loans.<a href="#cite_note-Relyingonhardandsoftsells2-102">[102]</a> This program led millions of men to receive vasectomies, and an undetermined amount of these were coerced. There were reports of officials blocking off villages and dragging men to surgical centers for vasectomies.<a href="#cite_note-:17-103">[103]</a> However, after much protest and opposition, the country switched to targeting women through coercion, withholding welfare or ration card benefits, and bribing women with food and money.<a href="#cite_note-:622-104">[104]</a> This switch was theorized to be based on the principle women are less likely to protest for their own rights.<a href="#cite_note-:17-103">[103]</a> Many deaths occurred as a result of both the male and the female sterilization programs.<a href="#cite_note-:17-103">[103]</a> These deaths were likely attributed to poor sanitation standards and quality standards in the Indian sterilization camps.

<a href="Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a>, son of the then-Prime Minister <a href="Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, was largely responsible for what turned out to be a failed program.<a href="#cite_note-:03-97">[97]</a> A strong mistrust against family planning initiatives followed the highly controversial program, the effect of which continues into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Sterilization policies are still enforced in India, targeting mostly indigenous and lower-class women who are herded into the sterilization camps.<a href="#cite_note-:622-104">[104]</a> The most recent abuse of family planning systems was highlighted by the death of 15 lower-class women in a sterilization center in <a href="Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:622-104">[104]</a> Despite these deaths, sterilization is still the highest used method of birth control with 39% of women in India turning to sterilization in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>

According to <a href="Human_Rights_Law_Network" title="Human Rights Law Network">Human Rights Law Network</a>:<blockquote class="templatequote">In September 2016, the Supreme Court of India directed the Union Government to ensure the discontinuation of 'sterilization camps' within the following three years and to induce the state governments to follow suit. It also charged the government to ensure proper monitoring of the programme, investigate sterilization failures, complications or deaths, and increase the compensation amount in these cases. It further ordered the implementation of established legal, medical and technical standards for sterilization [...] Women were made to lay on bare mattresses for the surgeries, with no post-surgery recuperation facilities. Often the women were made to wait up to five hours after registering, and by the time they reached the operating table their an aesthetic would have worn off. In places like Bhubaneshwar, Odisha and Ferozpur, Uttar Pradesh, the doctors conducting surgeries would use bicycle pumps instead of an insufflator, to introduce air into the women's abdomens (as reported by Shreelatha Menon). The doctor in Bhubaneshwar stated that he had done over 60,000 tubectomies and many of them with bicycle pumps. In Kaparfora, Bihar, a woman was operated upon, even though she was pregnant, and suffered a miscarriage as a result. [...] Today, while laws may not announce eugenic aims, hidden agenda to dispose of "undesirables" in society can still be discovered by looking beyond the face of the law. While many population control policies may appear benign on their face, upon further investigation the stated medical reasons for sterilization and the identification of groups to which the law applies are revealed to be morally and legally suspect. For example, compulsory sterilization law laws often target LGBT+ people, especially transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></blockquote>Forced sterilization has been an issue that has also affected the disabled population of women in <a href="India" title="India">India</a>. In 2016, the Right to Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) was introduced to legally address the problems faced by the disabled community and ensure equitable access to justice for all members of society:<a href="#cite_note-:43-108">[108]</a><blockquote>"While the RPWD Act took a step towards recognizing the issue of forced abortions under Section 92(f)[1] which states that any medical procedure performed on a disabled woman without her express consent that leads to the termination of pregnancy is punishable with an imprisonment term, there is still no specific mention of forced sterilization as a problem."<a href="#cite_note-:23-109">[109]</a></blockquote>There is no clause in the RPWD that addresses the notion of "expressed consent."<a href="#cite_note-:43-108">[108]</a> Consent in relation to family planning and sterilization practices has been a point of contention in India's history of reproductive justice of disabled individuals.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div>

In the late 2000s, reports in the Israeli media claimed that injections of long-acting contraceptive <a href="Depo-Provera" class="mw-redirect" title="Depo-Provera">Depo-Provera</a> (the effects of which are temporary, lasting only 3 months)<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> had been forced on hundreds of <a href="Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian-Jewish immigrants</a> both in transit camps in Ethiopia and after their arrival in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 2009, feminist NGO <a href="Haifa_Women's_Coalition" title="Haifa Women's Coalition">Haifa Women's Coalition</a> published a first survey on the story, which was followed up by <a href="Israeli_Educational_Television" title="Israeli Educational Television">Israeli Educational Television</a> a few years later.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Ethiopian-Jewish women said they were intimidated or tricked into taking the shot every three months. In 2013, the <a href="Ministry_of_Health_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Health (Israel)">Israeli Health Ministry</a> instructed <a href="Health_maintenance_organization" title="Health maintenance organization">HMOs</a> to stop automatically renewing Depo-Provera prescriptions for Ethiopian-Israelis if there was any chance that the patients did not fully understand the implications of the treatment.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics in Japan</a></div>

In the first part of the reign of Emperor Hirohito, Japanese governments promoted increasing the number of healthy Japanese, while simultaneously decreasing the number of people who were afflicted with mental retardation, disability, genetic disease, and other conditions that led to inferiority in the Japanese genepool.<a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_1940_on_20131210024331-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>

The Leprosy Prevention laws of 1907, 1931, and 1953 permitted the segregation of patients in sanitariums where forced abortions and sterilization were common, and authorized punishment of patients "disturbing peace".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Under the colonial Korean Leprosy prevention ordinance, Korean patients were also subjected to hard labor.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>

The "National Eugenic Law" was promulgated in 1940 by the <a href="Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a> government, after rejection of the original "Race Eugenic Protection Law" in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_1940_on_20131210024331-114">[114]</a> From 1940 to 1945, sterilization was done to 454 Japanese persons under this law. Appx. 25,000 people, including 8,500 under (forced or spontaneous) consent, were surgically processed until 1995.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>

According to the Eugenic Protection Law (1948), sterilization could be enforced upon criminals "with genetic predisposition to commit crime", patients with genetic diseases including mild ones such as total color-blindness, <a href="Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">hemophilia</a>, <a href="Albinism" title="Albinism">albinism</a>, <a href="Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">ichthyosis</a>, and mental affections such as schizophrenia, manic-depression possibly deemed occurrent in their opposition and epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The mental sicknesses were added in 1952.

In early 2019, Japan's supreme court upheld a requirement that transgender people must have their reproductive organs removed.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-122">[122]</a>

In March 2019, Japan's legal policy about transgender people was:<blockquote class="templatequote">In Japan, transgender people who want to legally change their gender must appeal to a family court under the GID Act, which was introduced in 2004. The procedure is discriminatory, requiring applicants to be single and without children under age 20, to undergo a psychiatric evaluation to receive a diagnosis of "gender identity disorder," and to be sterilized. The requirements rest on an outdated and pejorative notion that a transgender identity is a mental health condition, and compel transgender people to undergo lengthy, expensive, invasive, and irreversible medical procedures.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></blockquote>The last stipulation of the GID Act concerning forced sterilization was recently overturned in October 2023. Japan's supreme court ruled that requiring transgender people to undergo sterilization so that they can legally change their gender identity is unconstitutional. The court stated that forcing the sterilization of the plaintiff, a transgender woman, as a requirement to change her gender on her Japanese family registry certificate was a restriction on "her freedom not to harm herself against her will".<a href="#cite_note-:06-125">[125]</a> The court did not address the other requirement under the GID Act, which outlines that transgender people must undergo transition surgery in order to legally register as the gender with which they identify.<a href="#cite_note-:06-125">[125]</a>

In July 2024, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court of Japan</a> ruled that the Eugenic Protection Law passed in 1948 was unconstitutional, and eliminated the 20-year statute of limitations for those affected by the law.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3></div>

In Kenya, HIV was considered an ongoing issue, and the governor believed that compulsory sterilization of women infected with HIV could stop the spread of the virus. In 2012, a report titled "Robbed of Choice" sparked outrage. The report outlined the experiences of 40 women infected with HIV that had been sterilized against their will. 5 of the 40 women filed a lawsuit against the government of Kenya, claiming violations of their Health and Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-hhrjournal.org-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boston-129">[129]</a> The majority of the women who were sterilized knew nothing about the procedure or its consequences, which was one reason they did not push the issue. The President thought it would be good to keep a list of women who had been infected with HIV, but by naming these women, many of them did not to want to receive medical treatment due to the shame associated with the virus. "The authors concluded that punitive and restrictive laws related to pregnancy have numerous adverse consequences—both health-related and socioeconomic—for women, and urged human rights groups to work with government institutions to protect and fulfill women's fundamental reproductive rights."<a href="#cite_note-hhrjournal.org-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boston-129">[129]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3></div>

Laws in Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania involve references to medical operations where the intended benefit for the patient is not tied to any legal consequences for medical professionals involved. Specifically, the criminal Code of Nigeria States that: “Performing with good faith and with reasonable care and skill a surgical operation upon any person for his benefit, if the performance of the operation is reasonable, having regard to the patient’s state and to all the circumstances of the case.”<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>

In Nigeria, young girls with intellectual disabilities are susceptible to non consensual sterilization. No current laws explicitly prevent involuntary sterilization. And the laws that currently surround and may apply to the issue are not helpful in preventing it. The African Commission on Human and People's Rights declared that involuntary sterilization violates the right to “equality and non-discrimination, dignity, liberty and security of the person.”<a href="#cite_note-:33-131">[131]</a>

Involuntary sterilization in Nigeria is more common for girls with intellectual disabilities than for boys with intellectual disabilities and more common for those with intellectual disabilities specifically in comparison to other disabilities. Involuntary sterilization commonly occurs when relatives initiate it. In several studies involving parents of girls with disabilities who had initiated involuntary sterilization, respondents said that the primary reason for sterilization was to prevent pregnancy either for financial reasons or due to risk of offspring with intellectual disabilities. However, similar motivations for sterilization were not common for girls without intellectual disabilities. There is also a gendered element sterilization as the Nigeria law code penalizes emasculation, which makes it so that men cannot reproduce. There is no such penalization for sterilization of women.<a href="#cite_note-:33-131">[131]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3></div>

Civil Society Organizations such as Balance, Promocion para el Desarrollo y Juventud, A.C., have received in the last years numerous testimonies of women living with HIV in which they inform that misinformation about the virus transmission has frequently lead to compulsory sterilization. Although there is enough evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed to reduce mother-to-child transmission risks, there are records of HIV-positive women forced to undergo sterilization or have agreed to be sterilized without adequate and sufficient information about their options."<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a>

A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19462/html">report</a> made in El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua concluded that women living with HIV, and whose health providers knew about it at the time of pregnancy, were six times more likely to experience forced or coerced sterilization in those countries. In addition, most of these women reported that health providers told them that living with HIV cancelled their right to choose the number and spacing of the children they want to have as well as the right to choose the contraceptive method of their choice; provided misleading information about the consequences for their health and that of their children and denied them access to treatments that reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in order to coerce them into sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>

This happens even when the health norm <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/005ssa23.html">NOM 005-SSA2-1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081015/http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/005ssa23.html">Archived</a> 31 August 2009 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> states that family planning is "the right of everyone to decide freely, responsibly and in an informed way the number and spacing of their children and to obtain specialized information and proper services" and that "the exercise of this right is independent of gender, age, and social or legal status of persons".<a href="#cite_note-:1-132">[132]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Forced sterilization in Peru</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a></div>

In <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, President <a href="Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> (in office from 1990 to 2000) has been accused of <a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> as a result of the <a href="Programa_Nacional_de_Poblaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Programa Nacional de Población">Programa Nacional de Población</a>, a sterilization program put in place by his administration.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> During his presidency, Fujimori put in place a program of forced sterilizations against <a href="Indigenous_peoples_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in Peru">indigenous people</a> (mainly the <a href="Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a> and the <a href="Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymaras</a>), in the name of a "<a href="Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> plan", presented on 28 July 1995. The plan was principally financed using funds from <a href="USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> (36 million dollars), the <a href="Nippon_Foundation" title="Nippon Foundation">Nippon Foundation</a>, and later, the <a href="United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a> (UNFPA).<a href="#cite_note-Diplo-136">[136]</a> On 9 September 1995, Fujimori presented a Bill that would revise the "General Law of Population", in order to allow sterilization. Several contraceptive methods were also legalized, all measures that were strongly opposed by the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, as well as the Catholic organization <a href="Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>. In February 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) itself congratulated Fujimori on his success in controlling demographic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Diplo-136">[136]</a>

On 25 February 1998, a representative for USAID testified before the U.S. government's <a href="United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">House Committee on International Relations</a>, to address controversy surrounding Peru's program. He indicated that the government of Peru was making important changes to the program, in order to:

<ul><li>Discontinue their campaigns in tubal ligations and vasectomies.</li>

<li>Make clear to health workers that there are no provider targets for voluntary surgical contraception or any other method of contraception.</li>

<li>Implement a comprehensive monitoring program to ensure compliance with family planning norms and informed consent procedures.</li>

<li>Welcome Ombudsman Office investigations of complaints received and respond to any additional complaints that are submitted as a result of the public request for any additional concerns.</li>

<li>Implement a 72-hour "waiting period" for people who choose tubal ligation or vasectomy. This waiting period will occur between the second counseling session and surgery.</li>

<li>Require health facilities to be certified as appropriate for performing surgical contraception as a means to ensure that no operations are done in makeshift or substandard facilities.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li></ul>

In September 2001, Minister of Health <a href="Luis_Solari_De_La_Fuente" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Solari De La Fuente">Luis Solari</a> launched a special commission into the activities of the voluntary surgical contraception, initiating a parliamentary commission tasked with inquiring into the "irregularities" of the program, and to put it on an acceptable footing. In July 2002, its final report ordered by the Minister of Health revealed that between 1995 and 2000, 331,600 women were sterilized, while 25,590 men submitted to vasectomies.<a href="#cite_note-Diplo-136">[136]</a> The plan, which had the objective of diminishing the number of births in areas of poverty within Peru, was essentially directed at the indigenous people living in deprived areas (areas often involved in internal conflicts with the Peruvian government, as with the <a href="Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> guerilla group). Deputy Dora Núñez Dávila made the accusation in September 2003 that 400,000 indigenous people were sterilized during the 1990s. Documents proved that President Fujimori was informed, each month, of the number of sterilizations done, by his former Ministers of Health, Eduardo Yong Motta (1994–96), Marino Costa Bauer (1996–1999) and <a href="Alejandro_Aguinaga" title="Alejandro Aguinaga">Alejandro Aguinaga</a> (1999–2000).<a href="#cite_note-Diplo-136">[136]</a> A study by sociologist Giulia Tamayo León, Nada Personal (in English: Nothing Personal), showed that doctors were required to meet quotas. According to <a href="Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>, "tubal ligation festivals" were organized through program publicity campaigns, held in the <a href="Pueblos_j%C3%B3venes" title="Pueblos jóvenes">pueblos jóvenes</a> (in English: shantytowns). In 1996 there were, according to official statistics, 81,762 tubal ligations performed on women, with a peak being reached the following year, with 109,689 ligatures, then only 25,995 in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-134">[134]</a>

On 21 October 2011, Peru's Attorney General José Bardales decided to reopen an investigation into the cases, which had been halted in 2009 under the statute of limitations, after the <a href="Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a> ruled that President Fujimori's sterilization program involved crimes against humanity, which are not time-limited.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> It is unclear as to any progress in matter of the execution (debido ejecución sumaria) of the suspect in the course of any proof of their relevant accusations in the legal sphere of the constituted people in vindication of the rights of the people of South America. It may carry a parallel to any suspect cases for international investigation in any other continent, and be in the sphere of medical genocide. As of 12 December 2021: <blockquote class="templatequote">A Peruvian judge ruled last week that the 83-year-old could not be brought to court because of the forced sterilization, as the allegation was not included in an old extradition request for Fujimori. The ex-president was extradited from Chile to Peru in 2007. According to the judge, Chile's Supreme Court, which gave the go-ahead for extradition at the time, must agree to Fujimori's charge of forced sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div>

Since children cannot legally live in psychoneurologic internats in Russia, and there are no institutions where internats' patients can live with their children, almost all pregnant women are aborted in PNIs. During abortions, PNI patients are also often subjected to forced sterilization - their <a href="Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">fallopian tubes are tied</a>, motivated by allegedly detected "serious complications".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div>

In <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, there have been multiple reports of HIV-positive women sterilized without their informed consent and sometimes without their knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Essack-142">[142]</a> The Commission for Gender Equality investigated 48 sterilizations that were performed in fifteen state hospitals without patient consent from 2002 to 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:20-143">[143]</a> This investigation into these hospitals revealed that medical providers threatened to not assist women during birth if they did not sign consent forms to being sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-:20-143">[143]</a> In most cases these forms were not explained to patients by medical personnel. However, the inquiry was hampered by hostile hospital staff and the sudden "disappearance" of patient files. An interview with one of these patients revealed that she did not learn that she had been sterilized during her C-section until a physician told her eleven years after that she had no uterus.<a href="#cite_note-:22-144">[144]</a> She went to the hospital were the surgery was performed and was told by a physician that it was done to save her life and consent was received from her mother.<a href="#cite_note-:22-144">[144]</a> The patient did not have HIV or any other life-threatening condition, and her mother had not consented to the removal of her uterus.<a href="#cite_note-:22-144">[144]</a> The report from the Commission for Gender Equality noted that some of the patients interviewed were given consent forms that they did not understand and were coerced to sign.<a href="#cite_note-:32-145">[145]</a> The bulk of these operations were performed to prevent women who are HIV-positive from having more children.<a href="#cite_note-:32-145">[145]</a> The HIV epidemic in South Africa has a prevalence of 13% and has largely affected the family structures in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:32-145">[145]</a> Medical staff of these hospitals have justified their actions as an effort to stop the growing HIV numbers in the country that exhaust the healthcare systems.<a href="#cite_note-:20-143">[143]</a> The Commission urged Health Minister Zweli Mkhize to take action against these state hospitals and to provide some form of redress to the many affected women.<a href="#cite_note-:32-145">[145]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">LGBT rights in Sweden § Transgender rights</a></div>

The eugenics program in Sweden was enacted in 1934 and was formally abolished in 1976. According to the 2000 governmental report, 21,000 were estimated to have been forcibly sterilized, 6,000 were coerced into a 'voluntary' sterilization while the nature of a further 4,000 cases could not be determined.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Of those sterilized 93% were women.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The reasons given for these sterilizations included mental slowness, racial differences, antisocial behavior, promiscuous behavior, and other behaviors deemed inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-:42-148">[148]</a> At the time, the government saw itself as a forward-thinking and enlightened welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-:42-148">[148]</a> The Swedish state subsequently formed a commission of inquiry to determine victims that could claim compensation for trauma at the hands of the state. The sterilization program ended in the government paying over $22,000 in compensation to victims.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a>

Until December 2012, Swedish law forced transgender individuals to be sterilized before having their legal documents updated.<a href="#cite_note-:52-150">[150]</a> After the law was repealed, those who were forcibly sterilized under the law began to demand compensation.<a href="#cite_note-:52-150">[150]</a> In 2017, the government announced that it will pay these compensations.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

In 1911, while he was serving as <a href="Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> favored the sterilization of <a href="Feeble-minded" title="Feeble-minded">feeble-minded</a> persons. <a href="Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a>, who succeeded Churchill as Home Secretary, introduced the <a href="Feeble-Minded_Control_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeble-Minded Control Bill">Feeble-Minded Control Bill</a>, a bill that would enact forcible sterilization of such individuals; the bill gained the support of the <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a> archbishops of <a href="Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and <a href="Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">York</a>, that included forced sterilization. Despite support for the bill by the Anglican <a href="Primates_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Primates in the Anglican Communion">primates</a>, English writer <a href="G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> and the <a href="Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">Catholic Church in the United Kingdom</a> led a successful effort to defeat that clause's inclusion in what would eventually become the <a href="Mental_Deficiency_Act_1913" title="Mental Deficiency Act 1913">1913 Mental Deficiency Act</a>, though the final act did create a scheme for state-enforced <a href="Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">confinement of mentally disabled persons</a> in specialized institutions.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In 1934, the <a href="Brock_Report" title="Brock Report">Brock Report</a> recommended sterilisation of people who were mentally and physically disabled, but its proposals did not gain enough support to be made law.<a href="#cite_note-:05-153">[153]</a>

In one specific case in 2015, the <a href="Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a> of the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> ruled that a woman with six children and an IQ of 70 should be sterilized for her own safety because another pregnancy would have been a "significantly life-threatening event" for her and the fetus and was not related to eugenics.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a>, <a href="Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a>, <a href="Sterilization_of_Native_American_women" title="Sterilization of Native American women">Sterilization of Native American women</a>, and <a href="Eugenics_Biased_Sterilization_Cases_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics Biased Sterilization Cases in the United States">Eugenics Biased Sterilization Cases in the United States</a></div>

During the <a href="Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890 to 1920), the United States was the first country to concertedly undertake compulsory sterilization programs for the purpose of eugenics.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="Thomas_C._Leonard" title="Thomas C. Leonard">Thomas C. Leonard</a>, professor at Princeton University, describes American eugenics and sterilization as ultimately rooted in economic arguments and further as a central element of Progressivism alongside minimum wage laws, restricted immigration, and the introduction of <a href="Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> programs.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2005-156">[156]</a> The heads of the programs were avid proponents of eugenics and frequently argued for their programs which achieved some success nationwide mainly in the first half of the 20th century.

<a href="Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics</a> had two essential components. First, its advocates accepted as axiomatic that a range of mental and physical handicaps—blindness, deafness, and many forms of <a href="Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>—were largely, if not entirely, hereditary in cause. Second, they assumed that these scientific hypotheses could be used as the basis of social engineering across several policy areas, including family planning, education, and immigration. The most direct policy implications of eugenic thought were that "mental defectives" should not produce children, since they would only replicate these deficiencies, and that such individuals from other countries should be kept out of the polity.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The principal targets of the American sterilization programs were intellectually disabled people and the mentally ill, but also targeted under many state laws were the deaf, the blind, people with epilepsy, and the physically deformed. While the claim was that the focus was mainly the mentally ill and disabled, the definition of this during that time was much different from today's. At this time, there were many women that were sent to institutions under the guise of being "<a href="Feeble-minded" title="Feeble-minded">feeble-minded</a>" because they were promiscuous or became pregnant while unmarried.

A relative minority of sterilizations targeting crime took place in <a href="Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">prisons and other penal institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In the end, over 65,000 individuals were sterilized in 33 states under state compulsory sterilization programs in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Open_WorldCat-159">[159]</a>

The first state to introduce a compulsory sterilization bill was <a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, in 1897, but the proposed law failed to pass. Eight years later <a href="Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>'s state legislators passed a sterilization bill that was vetoed by the governor. <a href="Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> became the first state to enact sterilization legislation in 1907,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> followed closely by <a href="California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> in 1909. Several other states followed, but such legislation remained controversial enough to be defeated in some cases, as in Wyoming in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In the 1920s, Eugenicists were particularly interested in black women in the South and Latina women in the Southwest in order to break the chain of welfare dependency and curb the population rise of non-white citizens.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a>

After World War II, public opinion towards eugenics and sterilization programs became more negative in the light of the connection with the <a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> policies of <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, though a significant number of sterilizations continued in a few states through the 1970s. Between 1970 and 1976, Indian Health Services sterilized between 25 and 42 percent of women of reproductive age who came in seeking healthcare services.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, ten women who delivered their children at <a href="Los_Angeles_General_Medical_Center" title="Los Angeles General Medical Center">LAC-USC</a> hospital between 1971 and 1974 and were sterilized without proper consent sued the hospital in the landmark <a href="Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a> case in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The plaintiffs lost the case, but numerous changes to the consent process were made following the ruling, such as offering consent forms in the patient's native language, and a 72-hour waiting period between giving consent and undergoing the procedure.The <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> Board of Eugenics, later renamed the Board of Social Protection, existed until 1983,<a href="#cite_note-oregonapology-165">[165]</a> with the last forcible sterilization occurring in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The U.S. <a href="Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">commonwealth</a> of <a href="Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> had a sterilization program as well. Some states continued to have sterilization laws on the books for much longer after that, though they were rarely if ever used. California sterilized more than any other state by a wide margin, and was responsible for over a third of all sterilization operations. Information about the California sterilization program was produced into book form and widely disseminated by eugenicists <a href="E._S._Gosney" title="E. S. Gosney">E. S. Gosney</a> and <a href="Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Paul Popenoe</a>, which was said by the government of Adolf Hitler to be of key importance in proving that large-scale compulsory sterilization programs were feasible.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>

In recent years, the governors of many states have made public apologies for their past programs beginning with Virginia and followed by Oregon<a href="#cite_note-oregonapology-165">[165]</a> and California. Few have offered to compensate those sterilized, however, citing that few are likely still living (and would of course have no affected offspring) and that inadequate records remain by which to verify them. At least one compensation case, <a href="Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a> (1981), was filed in the courts on the grounds that the sterilization law was unconstitutional. It was rejected because the law was no longer in effect at the time of the filing. However, the petitioners were granted some compensation because the stipulations of the law itself, which required informing the patients about their operations, had not been carried out in many cases.

The 27 states where sterilization laws remained on the books (though not all were still in use) in 1956 were: <a href="Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-app.leg.wa.gov-169">[169]</a> <a href="West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Some states still have forced sterilization laws in effect, such as Washington state.<a href="#cite_note-app.leg.wa.gov-169">[169]</a>

As of January 2011, discussions were under way regarding compensation for the victims of forced sterilization under the authorization of the <a href="Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">Eugenics Board of North Carolina</a>. Governor Bev Perdue formed the NC Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation in 2010 in order "to provide justice and compensate victims who were forcibly sterilized by the State of North Carolina".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In 2013 North Carolina announced that it would spend $10 million beginning in June 2015 to compensate men and women who were sterilized in the state's eugenics program; North Carolina sterilized 7,600 people from 1929 to 1974 who were deemed socially or mentally unfit.<a href="#cite_note-northcarolina-172">[172]</a>

The inability to pay for the cost of raising children has been a reason courts have ordered coercive or compulsory sterilization. In June 2014, a Virginia judge ruled that a man on probation for child endangerment must be able to pay for his seven children before having more children; the man agreed to get a vasectomy as part of his plea deal.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In 2013, an Ohio judge ordered a man owing nearly $100,000 in unpaid child support to "make all reasonable efforts to avoid impregnating a woman" as a condition of his probation.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Kevin Maillard wrote that conditioning the right to reproduction on meeting child support obligations amounts to "constructive sterilization" for men unlikely to make the payments.<a href="#cite_note-kevin-175">[175]</a>

As of 19 July 2021 it was reported that:<blockquote class="templatequote">"under new provisions signed into California's budget this week, the state will offer reparations for the thousands of people who were sterilized in California institutions, without adequate consent, often because they were deemed "criminal", "feeble-minded" or "deviant"."<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-176">[176]</a>

and that

"The program will be the first in the nation to provide compensation to modern-day survivors of prison system sterilizations, like Dillon, whose attorney obtained medical records to show that, while she was an inmate in the Central California women's facility in Chowchilla, surgeons had removed her ovaries during what was supposed to be an operation to take a biopsy and remove a cyst.

The investigations sparked by her case, which is featured in the documentary Belly of the Beast, showed hundreds of inmates had been sterilized in prisons without proper consent as late as 2010, even though the practice was by then illegal.

The new California reparations program will also seek to compensate hundreds of living survivors of the state's earlier eugenics campaign, which was first codified into state law in 1909 and wasn't repealed until 1979."<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-176">[176]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia_immigration_detention_center_2020">Georgia immigration detention center 2020</h4></div>

In 2020, four <a href="Non-profit_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organizations">non-profit organizations</a> (which are listed below) joined Dawn Wooten to accuse a <a href="Private_prison" title="Private prison">privately-owned</a> U.S. immigration detention center in the U.S. state of <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> of forcibly sterilizing women. The reports claimed that a doctor conducted unauthorized medical procedures upon women who were detained by <a href="U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-178">[178]</a> Dawn Wooten was a nurse and former employee. She claims that a high rate of sterilizations were performed upon Spanish-speaking women and women who spoke various indigenous languages that are common in Latin America. Wooten said that the center did not obtain proper consent for these surgeries, or lied to women about the medical procedures. More than 40 women submitted testimony in writing to document these abuses.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a>

In September 2020, <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> demanded more information from U.S. authorities about medical procedures that were performed upon illegal immigrants in detention centers, after allegations that six Mexican women were sterilized without their consent. The ministry said that consulate personnel had interviewed 18 Mexican women who were detained at the center, none of which "claimed to have undergone a hysterectomy". Another woman said that she had undergone a gynecological operation, although there was nothing in her detention file to support that she agreed to the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><blockquote class="templatequote">The nurse said that detained women told her they did not fully understand why they had to get a hysterectomy.

<a href="Project_South_(organization)" title="Project South (organization)">Project South</a>, the Georgia Detention Watch, the Georgia Latino Alliance for Human Rights, and South Georgia Immigrant Support Network filed a complaint to the government on behalf of detained immigrants and the nurse.

The U.S. congresswoman <a href="Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Pramila Jayapal</a> has called for an urgent investigation into allegations that at least 17 women were subjected to unnecessary gynecological procedures that she called "the most abhorrent of human rights violations".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_disabled_persons">Effect on disabled persons</h4></div>

As stated previously, eugenics in the United States spread to target mentally disabled persons. Sterilization rates across the country were relatively low, with the sole exception of California, until the 1927 <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision in <a href="Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a>, which upheld under the <a href="U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> the forced sterilization of patients at a <a href="Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> home for intellectually disabled people.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In the wake of that decision, over 62,000 people in the United States, most of them women, were sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The number of sterilizations performed per year increased until another Supreme Court case, <a href="Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a>, 1942, complicated the legal situation by ruling against sterilization of criminals if the equal protection clause of the constitution was violated. That is, if sterilization was to be performed, then it could not exempt <a href="White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">white-collar criminals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> This case, however, does not directly overturn the decision made in Buck v. Bell.<a href="#cite_note-:04-185">[185]</a> Instead, it invalidates the central argument of the decision, and has been used in several cases to deny guardians the right to sterilize the disabled person under their care.<a href="#cite_note-:04-185">[185]</a>

The <a href="American_Congress_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a> (ACOG) believes that mental disability is not a reason to deny sterilization. The opinion of ACOG is that "the physician must consult with the patient's family, agents, and other caregivers" if sterilization is desired for a mentally limited patient.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2003, Douglas Diekema wrote in Volume 9 of the journal Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews that "involuntary sterilization ought not be performed on mentally retarded persons who retain the capacity for reproductive decision-making, the ability to raise a child, or the capacity to provide valid consent to marriage."<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The <a href="Journal_of_Medical_Ethics" title="Journal of Medical Ethics">Journal of Medical Ethics</a> claimed, in a 1999 article, that doctors are regularly confronted with requests to sterilize mentally limited people who cannot give consent for themselves. The article recommend that sterilization should only occur when there is a "situation of necessity" and the "benefits of sterilization outweigh the drawbacks."<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a>

The <a href="American_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="American Journal of Bioethics">American Journal of Bioethics</a> published an article, in 2010, that concluded the interventions used in the <a href="Ashley_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley treatment">Ashley treatment</a> may benefit future patients.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> These interventions, at the request of the parents and guidance from the physicians, included a <a href="Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> and surgical removal of the <a href="Thelarche" title="Thelarche">breast buds</a> of the mentally and physically disabled child.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Proponents of the treatments argue that it protects disabled persons from sexual assault, unwanted pregnancy, and difficulties of menstruation.<a href="#cite_note-:18-191">[191]</a> The interventions are still legal in many states, despite the argument that it violates a person's constitutional right to avoid unwanted intrusions.<a href="#cite_note-:18-191">[191]</a> Discussion on the involuntary sterilization of disabled persons is now largely focused on the right of a guardian to request sterilization.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_justice_system">Criminal justice system</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Compulsory_sterilization_of_disabled_people_in_the_U.S._prison_system" title="Compulsory sterilization of disabled people in the U.S. prison system">Compulsory sterilization of disabled people in the U.S. prison system</a></div>

In addition to eugenics purposes, sterilization was used as a punitive measure against sex offenders, people identified as homosexual, or people deemed to masturbate too much.<a href="#cite_note-:9-192">[192]</a> California, the first state in the U.S. to enact compulsory sterilization based on eugenics, sterilized all prison inmates under the 1909 sterilization law.<a href="#cite_note-:9-192">[192]</a> In the last 40 years, judges have offered lighter punishment (i.e. probation instead of jail sentences) to people willing to use contraception or be sterilized, particularly in child abuse/endangerment cases.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> One of the most famous cases of this was People v. Darlene Johnson, during which Johnson, a woman charged with child abuse sentenced to seven years in prison, was offered probation and a reduced prison sentence if she agreed to use <a href="Norplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Norplant">Norplant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-194">[194]</a>

In addition to child abuse cases, some politicians proposed bills mandating Norplant use among women on public assistance as a requirement to maintain welfare benefits.<a href="#cite_note-:10-194">[194]</a> As noted above, some judges offered probation in lieu of prison time to women who agreed to use Norplant, while other court cases have ordered parents to cease childbearing until regaining custody of their children after abuse cases. Some legal scholars and ethicists argue such practices are inherently coercive.<a href="#cite_note-:10-194">[194]</a> Furthermore, such scholars link these practices to eugenic policies of the 19th and early 20th century, highlighting how such practices not only targeted poor people, but disproportionately impacted minority women and families in the U.S., particularly black women.

In the late 1970s, to acknowledge the history of forced and coercive sterilizations and prevent ongoing eugenics/population control efforts, the federal government implemented a standardized informed consent process and specific eligibility criteria for government funded sterilization procedures.<a href="#cite_note-:11-195">[195]</a> Some scholars argue the extensive consent process and 30-day waiting period go beyond preventing instances of coercion and serve as a barrier to desired sterilization for women relying on public insurance.<a href="#cite_note-:11-195">[195]</a>

Though formal eugenics laws are no longer routinely implemented and have been removed from government documents, instances of reproductive coercion still take place in U.S. institutions today. In 2011, investigative news released a report revealing that between 2006 and 2011, 148 female prisoners in two California state prisons were sterilized without adequate informed consent.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In September 2014, California enacted Bill SB 1135 that bans sterilization in correctional facilities, unless the procedure shall be required in a medical emergency to preserve an inmate's life.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h4></div>

Puerto Rican physician Lanauze Rolón founded the League for Birth Control in <a href="Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce, Puerto Rico</a>, in 1925, but the League was quickly squashed by opposition from the <a href="Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">Catholic church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> A similar League was founded seven years later, in 1932, in <a href="San_Juan%2C_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> and continued in operation for two years before opposition and lack of support forced its closure.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> Yet another effort at establishing birth control clinics was made in 1934 by the <a href="Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a> in a relief response to the conditions of the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> As a part of this effort, 68 birth control clinics were opened on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> The next mass opening of clinics occurred in January 1937 when American <a href="Clarence_Gamble" title="Clarence Gamble">Clarence Gamble</a>, in association with a group of wealthy and influential Puerto Ricans, organized the Maternal and Infant Health Association and opened 22 birth control clinics.<a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a>

The Governor of Puerto Rico, <a href="Blanton_Winship" title="Blanton Winship">Blanton Winship</a>, enacted Law 116,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> which went into effect on 13 May 1937.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> It was a <a href="Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and eugenic sterilization law that allowed the dissemination of information regarding birth control methods and legalized the practice of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> The government cited a growing population of the poor and unemployed as motivators for the law. Changers were made to the Penal Code in 1937 which made abortion effectively legal. It was allowed for health reasons, without specifying details in the law. This gave doctors discretion to interpret what constituted a health reason, effectively legalizing abortion.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> By 1965, approximately 34 percent of women of childbearing age had been sterilized, two thirds of whom were still in their early twenties. The law was repealed on 8 June 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a>

Unemployment and widespread poverty would continue to grow in Puerto Rico in the 40s, both threatening U.S. private investment in Puerto Rico and acting as a deterrent for future investment.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> In an attempt to attract additional U.S. private investment in Puerto Rico, another round of liberalizing trade policies were implemented and referred to as "<a href="Operation_Bootstrap" title="Operation Bootstrap">Operation Bootstrap</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> Despite these policies and their relative success, unemployment and poverty in Puerto Rico remained high, high enough to prompt an increase in <a href="Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> from Puerto Rico to the United States between 1950 and 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> The issues of <a href="Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, Puerto Rican poverty, and threats to U.S. private investment made population control concerns a prime political and social issue for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a>

The 50s also saw the production of social science research supporting sterilization procedures in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> Princeton's <a href="Office_of_Population_Research" title="Office of Population Research">Office of Population Research</a>, in collaboration with the Social Research Department at the University of Puerto Rico, conducted interviews with couples regarding sterilization and other birth control.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> Their studies concluded that there was a significant need and desire for permanent birth control among Puerto Ricans.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> In response, Puerto Rico's governor and Commissioner of health opened 160 private, temporary birth control clinics with the specific purpose of sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a>

Also during this era, private birth control clinics were established in Puerto Rico with funds provided by wealthy Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> <a href="Joseph_Sunnen" title="Joseph Sunnen">Joseph Sunnen</a>, a wealthy American Republican and industrialist, established the <a href="Sunnen_Foundation" title="Sunnen Foundation">Sunnen Foundation</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> The foundation funded new birth control clinics under the title "La Asociación Puertorriqueña el Biensestar de la Familia" and spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in an experimental project to determine if a formulaic program could be used to control population growth in Puerto Rico and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sterilization_procedures_and_coercion">Sterilization procedures and <a href="Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a></h5></div>

From beginning of the 1900s, U.S. and Puerto Rican governments espoused rhetoric connecting the poverty of Puerto Rico with overpopulation and the "hyper-fertility" of Puerto Ricans.<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a> Such rhetoric combined with eugenics ideology of reducing "population growth among a particular class or ethnic group because they are considered...a social burden," was the philosophical basis for the 1937 birth control legislation enacted in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a> A Puerto Rican Eugenics Board, modeled after a similar board in the United States, was created as part of the bill, and officially ordered ninety-seven involuntary sterilizations.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a>

The legalization of sterilization was followed by a steady increase in the popularity of the procedure, both among the Puerto Rican population and among physicians working in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a> Though sterilization could be performed on men and women, women were most likely to undergo the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a> Sterilization was most frequently recommended by physicians because of a pervasive belief that Puerto Ricans and the poor were not intelligent enough to use other forms of contraception.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a> Physicians and hospitals alike also implemented hospital policy to encourage sterilization, with some hospitals refusing to admit healthy pregnant women for delivery unless they consented to be sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a> This has been best documented at Presbyterian Hospital, where the unofficial policy for a time was to refuse admittance for delivery to women who already had three living children unless she consented to sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a> There is additional evidence that true <a href="Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> was not obtained from patients before they underwent sterilization, if consent was solicited at all.<a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a>

By 1949 a survey of Puerto Rican women found that 21% of women interviewed had been sterilized, with sterilizations being performed in 18% of all hospital births statewide as a routine post-partum procedure, with the sterilization operation performed before women left the hospitals after giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> As for the birth control clinics founded by Sunnen, the Puerto Rican Family Planning Association reported that around 8,000 women and 3,000 men had been sterilized in Sunnen's privately funded clinics.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> At one point, the levels of sterilization in Puerto Rico were so high that they alarmed the Joint Committee for Hospital Accreditation, who then demanded that Puerto Rican hospitals limit sterilizations to ten percent of all hospital deliveries in order to receive accreditation.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> The high popularity of sterilization continued into the 60s and 70s, during which the Puerto Rican government made the procedures available for free and reduced fees.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a> The effects of the sterilization and contraception campaigns of the 1900s in Puerto Rico are still felt in Puerto Rican cultural history today.<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Controversy_and_opposing_opinions">Controversy and opposing opinions</h6></div>

There has been much debate and scholarly analysis concerning the legitimacy of choice given to Puerto Rican women in regard to sterilization, reproduction, and birth control, as well as with the ethics of economically motivated mass-sterilization programs.

Some scholars, such as Bonnie Mass<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> and Iris Lopez,<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a> have argued that the history and popularity of mass-sterilization in Puerto Rico represents a government-led eugenics initiative for <a href="Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elena-206">[206]</a> They cite the private and government funding of sterilization, coercive practices, and the eugenics ideology of Puerto Rican and American governments and physicians as evidence of a mass-sterilization campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elena-206">[206]</a>

On the other side of the debate, scholars like Laura Briggs<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a> have argued that evidence does not substantiate claims of a mass-sterilization program.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a> She further argues that reducing the popularity of sterilization in Puerto Rico to a state initiative ignores the legacy of Puerto Rican feminist activism in favor of birth control legalization, and the individual agency of Puerto Rican women in making decisions about family planning.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs-204">[204]</a>

A system was proposed by the California state senator <a href="Nancy_Skinner_(California_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Skinner (California politician)">Nancy Skinner</a> to compensate victims of the well-documented examples of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States">prison sterilizations that resulted from California's eugenics programs</a>, but this did not pass by the bill's 2018 deadline in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Effects">Effects</h5></div>

When the United States took census of Puerto Rico in 1899, the birth rate was 40 births per one thousand people.<a href="#cite_note-Nick-199">[199]</a> By 1961, the birth rate had dropped to 30.8 per thousand.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> In 1955, 16.5% of Puerto Rican women of childbearing age had been sterilized, this jumped to 34% in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a>

In 1969, sociologist <a href="Harriet_Presser" title="Harriet Presser">Harriet Presser</a> analyzed the 1965 Master Sample Survey of Health and Welfare in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-Presser-208">[208]</a> She specifically analyzed data from the survey for women ages 20 to 49 who had at least one birth, resulting in an overall sample size of 1,071 women.<a href="#cite_note-Presser-208">[208]</a> She found that over 34% of women aged 20–49 had been sterilized in Puerto Rico in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Presser-208">[208]</a>

Presser's analysis also found that 46.7% of women who reported they were sterilized were between the ages of 34 and 39.<a href="#cite_note-Presser-208">[208]</a> Of the sample of women sterilized, 46.6% had been married 15 to 19 years, 43.9% had been married for 10-to-14 years, and 42.7% had been married for 20-to-24 years.<a href="#cite_note-Presser-208">[208]</a> Nearly 50% of women sterilized had three or four births.<a href="#cite_note-Presser-208">[208]</a> Over 1/3 of women who reported being sterilized were sterilized in their twenties, with the average age of sterilization being 26.<a href="#cite_note-Presser-208">[208]</a>

A survey by a team of Americans in 1975 confirmed Presser's assessment that nearly 1/3 of Puerto Rican women of childbearing age had been sterilized.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> As of 1977, Puerto Rico had the highest proportion of childbearing-aged persons sterilized in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-198">[198]</a> In 1993, <a href="Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> work done in New York by <a href="Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> Iris Lopez<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a> showed that the history of sterilization continued to effect the lives of Puerto Rican women even after they immigrated to the United States and lived there for generations.<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a> The history of the popularity of sterilization in Puerto Rico meant that Puerto Rican women living in America had high rates of female family members who had undergone sterilization, and it remained a highly popular form of birth control among Puerto Rican women living in New York.<a href="#cite_note-Lopez-203">[203]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h3></div>

According to reports, as of 2012, forced and coerced sterilization is the current governmental policy in <a href="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> for women with two or three children, as a means of forcing population control and to improve maternal mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-news-2012-04-12-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-cc-2012-04-12-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-moscow-2010-03-10-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In November 2007, a report by the <a href="United_Nations_Committee_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Committee Against Torture">United Nations Committee Against Torture</a> reported that "the large number of cases of forced sterilization and removal of reproductive organs of women at reproductive age after their first or second pregnancy indicate that the Uzbek government is trying to control the birth rate in the country" and noted that such actions were not against the national Criminal Code.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In response to that, the Uzbek delegation to the associated conference was "puzzled by the suggestion of forced sterilization, and could not see how this could be enforced".<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a>

Reports of forced sterilizations, <a href="Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomies</a>, and <a href="Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">IUD</a>-insertions first emerged in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-news-2012-04-12-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-cc-2012-04-12-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-moscow-2010-03-10-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-iwpr-2005-11-18-216">[216]</a> although it is reported that the practice originated in the late 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> with reports of a secret decree dating from 2000.<a href="#cite_note-iwpr-2005-11-18-216">[216]</a> The current policy was allegedly instituted by <a href="Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a> under Presidential <a href="Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a> PP-1096, which is titled: "on additional measures to protect the health of the mother and child, the formation of a healthy generation",<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and which came into force in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In 2005, Deputy Health Minister Assomidin Ismoilov confirmed that doctors in Uzbekistan were being held responsible for increased birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-iwpr-2005-11-18-216">[216]</a>

Based upon a report by the journalist Natalia Antelava, doctors reported that the Ministry of Health told doctors that they must perform surgical sterilizations upon women. One doctor reported: "It's ruling number 1098, and it says that after two children, in some areas after three, a woman should be sterilized.", in a loss of the former surface decency of Central Asian mores in regard of female chastity.<a href="#cite_note-theworld.org-220">[220]</a> In 2010, the Ministry of Health passed a decree stating all clinics in Uzbekistan should have sterilization equipment ready for use. The same report also states that sterilization is to be done on a voluntary basis with the informed consent of the patient.<a href="#cite_note-theworld.org-220">[220]</a> In the 2010 Human Rights Report of Uzbekistan, there were many reports of forced sterilization of women along with allegations of the government pressuring doctors to sterilize women in order to control the population.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Doctors also reported to Antelava that there are quotas they must reach every month on how many women they need to sterilize. These orders are passed on to them through their bosses and, allegedly, from the government.<a href="#cite_note-theworld.org-220">[220]</a>

On 15 May 2012, during a meeting with the Russian president <a href="Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, the Uzbek president Islam Karimov said: "we are doing everything in our hands to make sure that the population growth rate [in Uzbekistan] does not exceed 1.2–1.3"<a href="#cite_note-RFE/RL-222">[222]</a> The Uzbek version of <a href="RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a> reported that, with this statement, Karimov indirectly admitted that forced sterilization of women is indeed taking place in Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-RFE/RL-222">[222]</a> The main Uzbek television channel, called O'zbekiston, cut-out Karimov's statement about the population growth rate while broadcasting his conversation with Putin.<a href="#cite_note-RFE/RL-222">[222]</a>

Despite international agreement concerning the inhumanity and illegality of forced sterilization, it has been suggested that the government of Uzbekistan continues to pursue such programs.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-news-2012-04-12-209">[209]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3></div>

Eugenics programs including forced sterilization existed in most of the Northern European countries, as well as in other more-or-less <a href="Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Protestant countries</a>. Other countries that had notably active sterilization programs include <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> ("that country's forced sterilization of 60,000 people in 1935-76"),<a href="#cite_note-:21-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-eurozine.com-223">[223]</a> <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-eurozine.com-223">[223]</a> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-sub.editors-229">[229]</a>("In Finland, to change one's gender markers in the juridical system (also known as gender recognition), trans people are, still, forcibly sterilised. In the laws regarding gender recognition, this requirement is called the 'inability to reproduce', a choice of words that makes it sound a lot less threatening than 'forced sterilisation'"),<a href="#cite_note-sub.editors-229">[229]</a> <a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> and some countries in <a href="Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> (including <a href="Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>).

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col">

<ul><li><a href="Medical_industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical industrial complex">Medical industrial complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-natalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-natalism">Anti-natalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">Chemical castration</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_views_on_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on contraception">Christian views on contraception</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">New eugenics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forced_pregnancy" title="Forced pregnancy">Forced pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany_Must_Perish!" title="Germany Must Perish!">Germany Must Perish!</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Operaci%C3%B3n" title="La Operación">La Operación</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_human_sterilization_by_country" title="Legal status of human sterilization by country">Legal status of human sterilization by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrongful_life" title="Wrongful life">Wrongful life</a></li>

<li><a href="Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Webster University, Forced Sterilization. Retrieved on 30 August 2014. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/forcedsterilization.html">"Women and Global Human Rights"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907114059/http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/forcedsterilization.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCorrea1994" class="citation book cs1">Correa, Sonia (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dbzfZ5EDLsC&pg=PA11">Population and Reproductive Rights: Feminists Perspectives from the South</a>. London: Zed Books Ltd. p. 11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1856492843</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:7-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSolinger2005" class="citation book cs1">Solinger, Rickie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ngTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America</a>. New York: New York University Press. p. 90. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0814798287</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLopez2008" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Iris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGzdr4r1pMMC&pg=PR13">Matters of Choice: Puerto Rican Women's Struggle for Reproductive Freedom</a>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. xiii. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0813543734</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRylko-Bauer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Barbara_Rylko-Bauer" title="Barbara Rylko-Bauer">Rylko-Bauer, Barbara</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2VrqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">A Polish Doctor in the Nazi Camps: My Mother's Memories of Imprisonment, Immigration, and a Life Remade</a>. University of Oklahoma. pp. 91–92. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0806145860</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tgeu.org/24-countries-in-europe-still-require-sterilization-from-trans-people/">"24 Countries in Europe Require Sterilization of Trans People"</a>. TGEU. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:12-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHurtes2023" class="citation web cs1">Hurtes, Sarah (25 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/25/world/europe/europe-disabled-women-sterilization.html">"Despite Bans, Disabled Women Are Still Being Sterilized in Europe"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-transequality.org-8"><a href="#cite_ref-transequality.org_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926005628/http://www.transequality.org/blog/un-report-forced-sterilization-of-trans-people-is-torture">"UN Report: Forced Sterilization of Trans People "is Torture""</a>. National Center for Transgender Equality. 27 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transequality.org/blog/un-report-forced-sterilization-of-trans-people-is-torture">the original</a> on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaxandallGordon2000" class="citation book cs1">Baxandall, Rosalyn; Gordon, Linda (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dearsistersdispa0000unse/page/151">Dear Sisters</a>. New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dearsistersdispa0000unse/page/151">151–152</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-465-01707-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Barton-Hanson_2015_pp._49–73-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Barton-Hanson_2015_pp._49–73_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarton-Hanson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Barton-Hanson, Renu (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721015327/http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/17519/1/Sterilisation%20of%20men%20with%20intellectual%20disability%20EPRINT%20FINAL.pdf">"Sterilization of men with intellectual disabilities"</a> (PDF). Medical Law International. 15 (1). Sage Publications: 49–73. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968533215592444">10.1177/0968533215592444</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-5332">0968-5332</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146218981">146218981</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/17519/1/Sterilisation%20of%20men%20with%20intellectual%20disability%20EPRINT%20FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/Regularsession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf">"Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/22/53)"</a> (PDF). Ohchr.org. para. 78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824161117/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-who-2014-12"><a href="#cite_ref-who-2014_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241507325">"Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization"</a>. World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711130919/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/gender_rights/eliminating-forced-sterilization/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> KLUCHIN, REBECCA M. “Locating the Voices of the Sterilized.” The Public Historian 29, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 131–44. https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2007.29.3.131.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115221710/http://www.populationconcern.org.uk/free_downloads.asp">"Interact Worldwide Downloads"</a>. Interact Worldwide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populationconcern.org.uk/free_downloads.asp">the original</a> on 15 November 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEgnor2009" class="citation web cs1">Egnor, Michael (14 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/08/the_inconvenient_truth_about_p023831.html">"The Inconvenient Truth About Population Control, Part 2; Science Czar John Holdren's Endorsement of Involuntary Sterilization"</a>. evolutionnews.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005193751/http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/08/the_inconvenient_truth_about_p023831.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2009" class="citation web cs1">Goldberg, Michelle (21 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospect.org/api/content/8d1d9e25-cd3b-54cf-ba9b-ccab766af4dc/">"Holdren's Controversial Population Control Past"</a>. The American Prospect. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcCoy" class="citation news cs1">McCoy, Terrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/14/the-malthusian-roots-of-indias-mass-sterilization-program/">"The forgotten roots of India's mass sterilization program"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHeer1975" class="citation journal cs1">Heer, David M. (March 1975). "Marketable licenses for babies: Boulding's proposal revisited". Social Biology. 22 (1): 1–16. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19485565.1975.9988142">10.1080/19485565.1975.9988142</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-766X">0037-766X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1188404">1188404</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRussett1970" class="citation journal cs1">Russett, Bruce M. (June 1970). "Communications". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 14 (2): 287–291. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200277001400209">10.1177/002200277001400209</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027">0022-0027</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220640867">220640867</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:02-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_20-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/072109_holdren2.pdf">"The Human Predicament: Finding a Way Out"</a> (PDF). <a href="Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2009/jul/29/glenn-beck/glenn-beck-claims-science-czar-john-holdren-propos/">"Glenn Beck claims science czar John Holdren proposed forced abortions and putting sterilants in the drinking water to control population"</a>. PolitiFact. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMann" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Charles C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/book-incited-worldwide-fear-overpopulation-180967499/">"The Book That Incited a Worldwide Fear of Overpopulation"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHartmann,_Betsy2016" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Betsy (2016). Reproductive rights and wrongs : the global politics of population control. Haymarket Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60846-733-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945949149">945949149</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313051125/https://muhi.org.au/a-post-colonial-feminist-critique-of-population-control-policies/">"A Post-Colonial Feminist Critique of Population Control Policies -"</a>. Australian Youth Health Connect. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muhi.org.au/a-post-colonial-feminist-critique-of-population-control-policies/">the original</a> on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/feminist-perspectives-population-issues">"Feminist Perspectives on Population Issues | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBhatiaSasserOjedaHendrixson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatia, Rajani; Sasser, Jade S.; Ojeda, Diana; Hendrixson, Anne; Nadimpally, Sarojini; Foley, Ellen E. (3 April 2019). "A feminist exploration of 'populationism': engaging contemporary forms of population control". Gender, Place & Culture. 27 (3): 333–350. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966369x.2018.1553859">10.1080/0966369x.2018.1553859</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-369X">0966-369X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150974096">150974096</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/168046031c">"Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531114057/https://rm.coe.int/168046031c">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Horton-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Horton_28-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHorton2005" class="citation book cs1">Horton, Guy (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113112157/http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Horton-2005.pdf">"12.52 Crimes against humanity"</a> (PDF). Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma. The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. p. 201. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Horton-2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 January 2016.</cite> Horton references RSICC/C, Vol. 1 p. 360

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm">"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"</a>. legal.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222329/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/romefra.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="Yes" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&clang=_en">"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109001013/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1126810?ln=en">"Forced Sterilization and Mandatory Divorce: How a Majority of Council of Europe Member States' Laws Regarding Gender Identity Violate the Internationally and Regionally Established Human Rights of Trans* People"</a>. Berkeley Journal of International Law. 33 (1). 2015. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15779%2FZ381W07">10.15779/Z381W07</a> (inactive 11 July 2025). <q>Unfortunately, this is not an anomaly: this is the lived experience of trans* people in dozens of countries throughout the world, including the twenty-one Council of Europe (COE) Member States that currently require proof of sterilization to change one's legal sex categorization. […] It would be advisable for LGBTQ activists to seriously consider developing LGBTQ-specific international and regional human rights treaties.</q></cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uttarkhanup.dhaka.gov.bd/site/field_office/3354b838-2016-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766">"পরিবার পরিকল্পনা | উত্তরখান ইউনিয়ন | উত্তরখান ইউনিয়ন"</a>. uttarkhanup.dhaka.gov.bd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185603/http://uttarkhanup.dhaka.gov.bd/site/field_office/3354b838-2016-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFARI1978" class="citation journal cs1">AR, Khan; I, Swenson (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113002952/https://www.popline.org/node/444385">"Acceptability of male sterilization in Bangladesh: its problems and perspectives"</a>. Bangladesh Development Studies. 6 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popline.org/node/444385">the original</a> on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLJMWF1983" class="citation journal cs1">L, Liskin; JM, Pile; WF, Quillan (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185640/https://www.popline.org/node/402465">"Vasectomy—safe and simple"</a>. Population Reports. Series D: Sterilization Male (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popline.org/node/402465">the original</a> on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKhanSwensonRahman1979" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Atiqur Rahman; Swenson, Ingrid E.; Rahman, Azizur (1 January 1979). "A Follow-up of Vasectomy Clients in Rural Bangladesh". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 17 (1): 11–14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1879-3479.1979.tb00108.x">10.1002/j.1879-3479.1979.tb00108.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-3479">1879-3479</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39831">39831</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22375165">22375165</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_36-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaiborne1983" class="citation news cs1">Claiborne, William (28 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/01/28/bangladeshs-midwives-promote-birth-control/4fb06202-6ddc-4357-b0fa-7e5d7a4cebfb/">"Bangladesh's Midwives Promote Birth Control"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/01/28/bangladeshs-midwives-promote-birth-control/4fb06202-6ddc-4357-b0fa-7e5d7a4cebfb/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/14/The-Bangladesh-government-plans-a-mass-voluntary-sterilization-of/3265408690000/">"The Bangladesh government plans a mass voluntary sterilization of..."</a> UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113002940/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/14/The-Bangladesh-government-plans-a-mass-voluntary-sterilization-of/3265408690000/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/15/Impoverished-Bangladesh-plans-sterilization-program/6350408776400/">"Impoverished Bangladesh plans sterilization program"</a>. UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185727/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/15/Impoverished-Bangladesh-plans-sterilization-program/6350408776400/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Miles and Shiva 1993

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:5-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAsiaNews.it" class="citation web cs1">AsiaNews.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Healthcare-in-Bangladesh:-only-sterilization-and-vasectomies-are-free-21608.html">"BANGLADESH Healthcare in Bangladesh: only sterilization and vasectomies are free"</a>. AsiaNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185811/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Healthcare-in-Bangladesh:-only-sterilization-and-vasectomies-are-free-21608.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104124213/https://www.nhd.gov.bd/content/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE">"স্থায়ী জন্মনিয়ন্ত্রণ পদ্ধতির সেবা"</a>. www.nhd.gov.bd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhd.gov.bd/content/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE">the original</a> on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRosenbergRochatAkbarGould1982" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, M. J.; Rochat, R. W.; Akbar, J.; Gould, P.; Khan, A. R.; Measham, A.; Jabeen, S. (August 1982). "Sterilization in Bangladesh: mortality, morbidity, and risk factors". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 20 (4): 283–291. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-7292%2882%2990057-1">10.1016/0020-7292(82)90057-1</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7292">0020-7292</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6127262">6127262</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26123485">26123485</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrimesPetersonRosenbergFishburne1982" class="citation journal cs1">Grimes, D. A.; Peterson, H. B.; Rosenberg, M. J.; Fishburne, J. I.; Rochat, R. W.; Khan, A. R.; Islam, R. (April 1982). "Sterilization-attributable deaths in bangladesh". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 20 (2): 149–154. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-7292%2882%2990029-7">10.1016/0020-7292(82)90029-7</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7292">0020-7292</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6125437">6125437</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24472598">24472598</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrimesSatterthwaiteRochatAkhter1982" class="citation journal cs1">Grimes, D. A.; Satterthwaite, A. P.; Rochat, R. W.; Akhter, N. (November 1982). "Deaths from contraceptive sterilization in bangladesh: rates, causes, and prevention". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 60 (5): 635–640. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7844">0029-7844</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7145254">7145254</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHartmann1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, B. (June 1991). "[Children and bankers in Bangladesh]". Temas de Poblacion. 1 (2): 51–55. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12284143">12284143</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFsolutions" class="citation web cs1">solutions, EIU digital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2015">"Global Liveability Ranking 2015 – The Economist Intelligence Unit"</a>. www.eiu.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090944/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2015">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/country/dhaka-second-least-livable-city-the-world-129154">"Dhaka 2nd least liveable city in the world"</a>. The Daily Star. 19 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905180327/http://www.thedailystar.net/country/dhaka-second-least-livable-city-the-world-129154">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AFP-Rohingya-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP-Rohingya_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP-Rohingya_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP-Rohingya_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP-Rohingya_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP-Rohingya_48-4">e</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/28/bangladesh-to-offer-sterilisation-to-rohingya-in-refugee-camps">"Bangladesh to offer sterilisation to Rohingya in refugee camps"</a>. The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 28 October 2017. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104150415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/28/bangladesh-to-offer-sterilisation-to-rohingya-in-refugee-camps">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-sterilise-rohingya-muslims-population-burma-refugee-camps-a8026076.html">"Bangladesh 'plans to offer to sterilise Rohingya Muslims' as refugee population grows"</a>. The Independent. 29 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003155/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-sterilise-rohingya-muslims-population-burma-refugee-camps-a8026076.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:8-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_50-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHartmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Betsy (2016). Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control. Chicago: Haymarket Books.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDalsgaard2004" class="citation book cs1">Dalsgaard, Anne Line (2004). Matters of Life and Longing: Female Sterilisation in Northeast Brazil. Museum Tusculanum Press.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCorrêaPetchesky1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Sonia_Corr%C3%AAa" title="Sonia Corrêa">Corrêa, Sonia</a>; <a href="Rosalind_Petchesky" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalind Petchesky">Petchesky, Rosalind</a> (1994). Reproductive and Sexual Rights: A Feminist Perspective. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 134–147.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlmeidaSilva2019" class="citation journal cs1">Almeida, Marina Nogueira; Silva, Adalene Ferreira Figueiredo da (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riviste.unige.it/index.php/aboutgender/article/view/1056">"Voluntary and Compulsory Sterilization in Brazil and the Reproductive Rights of Women"</a>. AG About Gender - Rivista internazionale di studi di genere. 8 (15). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15167%2F2279-5057%2FAG2019.8.15.1056">10.15167/2279-5057/AG2019.8.15.1056</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2279-5057">2279-5057</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:6-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_54-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/05722c77e51e4897aec3b85943102d60">"Court-ordered sterilization investigated in Brazil"</a>. AP NEWS. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/who-decides-over-janaina-s-body-case-of-forced-sterilizati/">"Who decides over Janaina's body? A case of forced sterilization in Brazil"</a>. openDemocracy. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_v992-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_v992_56-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sterilization-of-indigenous-women-in-canada">"Sterilization of Indigenous Women in Canada"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 22 October 1921. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_u982-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_u982_57-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStote2015" class="citation book cs1">Stote, K. (2015). An Act of Genocide: Colonialism and the Sterilization of Aboriginal Women. Fernwood Publishing. p. intro. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55266-732-3</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z007-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z007_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z007_58-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRutherford2022" class="citation web cs1">Rutherford, Gillian (27 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2022/06/reproductive-control-of-indigenous-women-continues-around-the-world.html">"Reproductive control of Indigenous women continues around the world, say survivors and researchers"</a>. University of Alberta. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_u799-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_u799_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/hstats/hstats/1887728313">"CHAPTER 59. An Act respecting Sexual Sterilization. - BC Laws"</a>. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_f723-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_f723_60-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCheng2023" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Maria (12 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/canadas-indigenous-women-forcibly-sterilized-decades-after-other-rich-countries-stopped/">"Canada's Indigenous women forcibly sterilized decades after other rich countries stopped"</a>. CTVNews. Retrieved 10 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_c048-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_c048_61-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZingel2019" class="citation web cs1">Zingel, Avery (9 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/forced-sterilization-lawsuit-could-expand-1.5102981">"Indigenous women come forward with accounts of forced sterilization, says lawyer"</a>. CBC. Retrieved 10 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_h185-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_h185_62-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFournier2021" class="citation web cs1">Fournier, Sylvie (24 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-hospital-sterilization-1.6188269">"Black, Indigenous mothers say they were sterilized without full consent at Quebec hospitals"</a>. CBC. Retrieved 9 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z411-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_z411_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/eugenics">"Eugenics in Canada"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 22 October 1921. Retrieved 10 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_r237-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_r237_64-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShawanaRyanAli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shawana, Christine; Ryan, Chaneesa; Ali, Abrar (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32799%2Fijih.v16i1.33369">"Forced or Coerced Sterilization in Canada: An Overview of Recommendations for Moving Forward"</a>. International Journal of Indigenous Health. 16 (1). University of Toronto Libraries - UOTL. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32799%2Fijih.v16i1.33369">10.32799/ijih.v16i1.33369</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-9376">2291-9376</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_:13-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_:13_65-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2002" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.913511/publication.html">"The scars that we carry : forced and coerced sterilization of persons in Canada. Part II / Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights ; the Honourable Salma Ataullahjan, chair, the Honourable Wanda Thomas Bernard, deputy chair.: YC32-0/441-4E-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca"</a>. publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_y318-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada_y318_66-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRyckewaert2024" class="citation web cs1">Ryckewaert, Laura (25 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hilltimes.com/story/2024/03/25/senate-bill-seeking-to-criminalize-forced-sterilizations-raises-concerns-over-unintended-consequences/415997/">"Senate bill seeking to criminalize forced sterilizations raises concerns over unintended consequences"</a>. The Hill Times. Retrieved 18 August 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Amnesty_International-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_67-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/thousands-risk-forced-sterilization-china-2010-04-22">"Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China"</a>. <a href="Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 22 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314193515/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/thousands-risk-forced-sterilization-china-2010-04-22">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4262890.stm">"China acts on forced abortion"</a>. BBC. 20 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210000256/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4262890.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Enforcement of One-Child Policy Targets 'The Rich and Famous' in Zhangzhou, China, <a href="Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, 20 September 2013. <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2013/09/20/enforcement-of-one-child-policy-targets-the-rich-and-famous-in-zhangzhou-china/">"Enforcement of One-Child Policy Targets 'The Rich and Famous' in Zhangzhou, China"</a>. <a href="Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909011431/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2013/09/20/enforcement-of-one-child-policy-targets-the-rich-and-famous-in-zhangzhou-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:16-70"><a href="#cite_ref-:16_70-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/neo-malthusianism-coercive-population-control-china-india-overpopulation-concerns">"Neo-Malthusianism and Coercive Population Control in China and India: Overpopulation Concerns Often Result in Coercion"</a>. Cato Institute. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStavrou2019" class="citation news cs1">Stavrou, David (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-a-million-people-are-jailed-at-china-s-gulags-i-escaped-here-s-what-goes-on-inside-1.7994216">"A Million People Are Jailed at China's Gulags. I Managed to Escape. Here's What Really Goes on Inside"</a>. <a href="Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHandley2019" class="citation news cs1">Handley, Erin (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-23/video-uyghurs-shaved-blindfolded-xinjiang-train-station-china/11537628">"'Deeply disturbing' footage surfaces of blindfolded Uyghurs at train station in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFifield2019" class="citation news cs1">Fifield, Anna (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/tiktoks-owner-is-helping-chinas-campaign-of-repression-in-xinjiang-report-finds/2019/11/28/98e8d9e4-119f-11ea-bf62-eadd5d11f559_story.html">"TikTok's owner is helping China's campaign of repression in Xinjiang, report finds"</a>. <a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:13-74"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_74-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c">"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization"</a>. Associated Press. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:15-75"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_75-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/pompeo-calls-shocking-report-forced-sterilisation-uighurs-200629215350131.html">"Pompeo calls report of forced sterilisation of Uighurs 'shocking'"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 11 August 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:19-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_76-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/blog/uyghur-genocide-shows-urgency-combatting-neo-malthusianism">"Uyghur Genocide Shows Urgency of Combating Neo-Malthusianism"</a>. Cato Institute. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915024859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm">"Sterilised Roma accuse Czechs"</a>. 12 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6409699.stm">the original</a> on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStaff2006" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Newsdesk org (12 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031746/http://newsdesk.org/2006/06/12/for_gypsies_eug/">"For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern Problem / Czech Practice Dates to Soviet Era"</a>. newsdesk dot org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsdesk.org/2006/06/12/for_gypsies_eug/">the original</a> on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Czech-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Czech_79-0">^</a> re Law on Atrocities relevant pre-1990, CR (ChR) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochrance.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ENGLISH/Sterilisation.pdf">Final Statement of the Public Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial Measures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003521/http://www.ochrance.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ENGLISH/Sterilisation.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Czech government, 2005

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/translation/cs/2011-373?langid=1033">"373/2011 Sb. Zákon o specifických zdravotních službách"</a> [Law No. 373/2011 Coll. Specific Health Services Act]. Zákony pro lidi. 12 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usoud.cz/aktualne/chirurgicky-zakrok-vcetne-sterilizace-jako-podminka-uredni-zmeny-pohlavi-neobstal-pred-ustavnim-soudem">"Chirurgický zákrok včetně sterilizace jako podmínka úřední změny pohlaví neobstál před Ústavním soudem"</a>. www.usoud.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMeasham_and_Lopez-Escobar2007" class="citation book cs1">Measham and Lopez-Escobar, Anthony, Guillermo (2007). Against the Odds: Colombia's Role in the Family Planning Revolution. World Bank Publisher. pp. 121–135.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:21-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_83-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFJan1997" class="citation news cs1">Jan, Olsen (29 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/e1731db26be41810f79e7e148d087a04">"Denmark to investigate its involuntary sterilization program"</a>. AP News.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMurray2022" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Adrienne (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63049387">"Inuit Greenlanders demand answers over Danish birth control scandal"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avisen.dk/overblik-transkoennedes-kamp-mod-lovgivningen_499227.aspx">"OVERBLIK: Transkønnedes kamp mod lovgivningen"</a>. avisen.dk (in Danish). 22 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184337/https://www.avisen.dk/overblik-transkoennedes-kamp-mod-lovgivningen_499227.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/denmark-ends-forced-sterilisation-for-sex-change-577321">"Denmark Ends Forced Sterilisation for Sex Change"</a>. NDTV.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFB2014" class="citation web cs1">B, Matty (13 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queerty.com/denmark-ends-forced-sterilization-of-transgender-people-20140613">"Denmark Ends Forced Sterilization Of Transgender People"</a>. Queerty. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-allow-gender-reassignment-without-sterilisation-2023-03-03/">"Finland to allow gender reassignment without sterilisation"</a>. reuters.com. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jkswAAAAIBAJ&pg=3703%2C266241">"Eugenics Courts Named in Reich. The Montreal Gazette. January 3, 1934"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090718/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jkswAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XKgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3703,266241">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ifwtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hZgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1639,2526515">"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"</a>. news.google.com.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Robert Proctor, Racial hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), and Gisela Bock, "Nazi sterilization and reproductive policies" in Dieter Kuntz, ed., Deadly medicine: creating the master race (Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2004).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zzsbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=50wEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1710,6396277">"The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search"</a>. news.google.com.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339243252_From_Kraepelin_to_Karadzic_Psychiatry%27s_Long_Road_to_Genocide">[1]</a> "From Kraepelin to Karadzic: Psychiatry's Long Road to Genocide" Author Robert Kaplan. From book title "Genocide Perspectives IV" (pp.122-165) Page 133. Date 2012.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnalc.org/view/15466-The-connection-between-American-eugenics-and-Nazi-Germany-James-Watson.html">"The connection between American eugenics and Nazi Germany, James Watson :: DNA Learning Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221173441/http://www.dnalc.org/view/15466-The-connection-between-American-eugenics-and-Nazi-Germany-James-Watson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.</cite> |"The connection between American eugenics and Nazi Germany" <a href="James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> speaks about Nazi eugenics

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>, Hitler: A Profile in Power, Chapter VI, first section (London, 1991, rev. 2001)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSantiso-Galvez_and_Bertrand2007" class="citation book cs1">Santiso-Galvez and Bertrand, Roberto; Jane T. (2007). Guatemala: The Pioneering Days of the Family Planning Movement. World Bank Publications. pp. 137–154.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:03-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_97-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110074114/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1809/18090740.htm">"The Indira enigma"</a>. <a href="Frontline_(US_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (US TV series)">Frontline</a>. 11 May 2001. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Leela Visaria and Rajani R. Ved, India's Family Planning Programme Policies, Practices and Challenges (Taylor & Francis, 2016) pp. 28-29

</li>

<li id="cite_note-times-99"><a href="#cite_ref-times_99-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGhosh2015" class="citation web cs1">Ghosh, Avijit (21 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/nasbandi-with-handcuffs-on-/articleshow/47750238.cms">"Nasbandi with handcuffs on..."</a> The Times of India. Retrieved 1 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-time-100"><a href="#cite_ref-time_100-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6880961/the-world-the-issue-that-inflamed-india/">"The World: The Issue that Inflamed India"</a>. TIME. 4 April 1977. Retrieved 1 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/A-generation-of-lost-manhood/articleshow/47824811.cms">"A generation of lost manhood"</a>. <a href="The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 26 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107221309/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/A-generation-of-lost-manhood/articleshow/47824811.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Relyingonhardandsoftsells2-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Relyingonhardandsoftsells2_102-0">^</a> Relying on Hard and Soft Sells India Pushes Sterilization, New York Times, 22 June 2011.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:17-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_103-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30040790">"India's dark history of sterilisation"</a>. BBC News. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:622-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:622_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_104-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Kalpana (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/20444/1/Kalpana%20Wilson%20New%20Formations%202017.pdf">"In the name of reproductive rights: race, neoliberalism and the embodied violence of population policies"</a> (PDF). New Formations. 91 (91): 50–68. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3898%2Fnewf%3A91.03.2017">10.3898/newf:91.03.2017</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-2378">0950-2378</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148987919">148987919</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428234457/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/20444/1/Kalpana%20Wilson%20New%20Formations%202017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malecontraceptives.org/articles/ringheim_article.php">"Male involvement and contraceptive methods for men"</a>. <a href="Frontline_(US_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (US TV series)">Frontline</a>. September 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811233229/http://www.malecontraceptives.org/articles/ringheim_article.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615071848/https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2018-09/sterilization-standard-choice-india">"Sterilization: The Standard Choice in India"</a>. Global Health NOW. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2018-09/sterilization-standard-choice-india">the original</a> on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802061259/https://hrln.org/uploads/2018/10/Mistreatment-and-Coercion-Unethical-Sterilization-in-India.pdf">"Mistreatment and Coercion: Unethical Sterilization in India"</a> (PDF). Human Rights Law Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrln.org/uploads/2018/10/Mistreatment-and-Coercion-Unethical-Sterilization-in-India.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:43-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_108-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoswami_Vernal2023" class="citation journal cs1">Goswami Vernal, Triveni (28 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/schbjournal/vol4/iss2/4">"Rights of Persons with Disabilities in India: Provisions, Promises and Reality"</a>. BAU Journal - Society, Culture and Human Behavior. 4 (2). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54729%2F2789-8296.1069">10.54729/2789-8296.1069</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2789-8296">2789-8296</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:23-109"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_109-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSingh2023" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Shivalika (20 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2023/03/20/forced-sterilization-of-disabled-women-in-india-a-tale-of-lost-autonomy/#:~:text=Women%20with%20disabilities%20in%20India,sterilization%20to%20regulate%20their%20fertility.">"Forced Sterilization of Disabled Women in India: A Tale of Lost Autonomy"</a>. LSE Human Rights. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBerger" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Raymond M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-big-lie-involuntary-sterilization-of-black-ethiopian-women/">"The Blogs: The Big Lie: Involuntary Sterilization of Black Ethiopian Women"</a>. blogs.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 15 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2013" class="citation news cs1">Greenwood, Phoebe (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/28/ethiopian-women-given-contraceptives-israel">"Ethiopian women in Israel 'given contraceptive without consent'"</a>. The Guardian.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNesher2013" class="citation news cs1">Nesher, Talila (27 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-ethiopians-fooled-into-birth-control-1.5226424">"Israel Admits Ethiopian Women Were Given Birth Control Shots"</a>. Haaretz.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZeiger" class="citation web cs1">Zeiger, Asher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-changes-birth-control-policy-for-ethiopian-immigrants/">"Israel changes birth-control policy for Ethiopian immigrants"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 15 April 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-renamed_from_1940_on_20131210024331-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-renamed_from_1940_on_20131210024331_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-renamed_from_1940_on_20131210024331_114-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.res.otemon.ac.jp/~yamamoto/be/BE_law_04.htm">"国民優生法"</a> [The Eugenic Protection Law]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205110722/http://www.res.otemon.ac.jp/~yamamoto/be/BE_law_04.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2014. <q>The 107th law that Japanese Government promulgated in 1940　(国民優生法) 第二条　本法ニ於テ優生手術ト称スルハ生殖ヲ不能ナラシムル手術又ハ処置ニシテ命令ヲ以テ定ムルモノヲ謂フ</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKimura1991" class="citation book cs1">Kimura, Rihito (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioethics.jp/licht_genetics.html">"Jurisprudence in Genetics"</a>. In Srám, R. J.; Bulyzhenkov, V.; Prilipko, L.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioethics.jp/licht_genetics.html">Ethical Issues of Molecular Genetics in Psychiatry</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 157–166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107030234/http://www.bioethics.jp/licht_genetics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20050128a1.html">"Hansen's sanitarium were houses of horrors"</a>. <a href="The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 28 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606085432/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20050128a1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011.</cite>, <cite id="CITEREFSato2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sato, Hajime (February 2002). "Abolition of leprosy isolation policy in Japan: policy termination through leadership". Policy Studies Journal. 30 (1): 29–46. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.2002.tb02126.x">10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02126.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040226a4.html">"Korean Hansens patients seek redress"</a>. <a href="The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 26 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120605020715/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20040226a4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichibenren.or.jp/library/ja/opinion/report/data/2018/opinion_181220_2.pdf">"「旧優生保護法下における優生手術及び人工妊娠中絶等に対する補償立法措置に関する意見書」, 2018, 日本弁護士連合会"</a> (PDF).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soshiren.org/shiryou/yuseihogohou.html">"SOSHIREN / 資料・法律−優生保護法"</a>. Soshiren.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209082910/http://www.soshiren.org/shiryou/yuseihogohou.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/03/16/japan-says-transgender-people-must-be-sterilised">"Japan says transgender people must be sterilised"</a>. The Economist. 14 March 2019. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190319233709/https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/03/16/japan-says-transgender-people-must-be-sterilised">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/20/national/social-issues/japan-urged-stop-requiring-transgender-people-sterilized-changing-gender-official-documents/">"Japan urged to lift sterilization requirement for transgender recognition"</a>. The Japan Times Online. 20 March 2019. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763">0447-5763</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320202743/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/20/national/social-issues/japan-urged-stop-requiring-transgender-people-sterilized-changing-gender-official-documents/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hrw.org-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw.org_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw.org_122-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/03/19/really-high-hurdle/japans-abusive-transgender-legal-recognition-process">""A Really High Hurdle": Japan's Abusive Transgender Legal Recognition Process"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 19 March 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/19/japan-compelled-sterilization-transgender-people">"Japan: Compelled Sterilization of Transgender People"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/japan-s-supreme-court-upholds-transgender-sterilization-requirement-n962721">"Japan's Supreme Court upholds transgender sterilization requirement"</a>. NBC News. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:06-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:06_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_125-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHida2023" class="citation web cs1">Hida, Hikari (25 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/25/world/asia/japan-transgender.html">"Transgender Ruling Is Step Forward for L.G.B.T.Q. Rights in Japan"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNg2024" class="citation news cs1">Ng, Kelly (3 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0krnjy72j0o">"Japan's top court says forced sterilisation unconstitutional"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEndo2024" class="citation news cs1">Endo, Takashi (3 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15330707#:~:text=The%20Eugenic%20Protection%20Law%20was,diseases%20could%20be%20forcibly%20sterilized.">"Top court rules old eugenic law unconstitutional, orders redress"</a>. <a href="The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hhrjournal.org-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hhrjournal.org_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhrjournal.org_128-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhrjournal.org/2015/07/kenya-forced-sterilization-hiv/">"High Court of Kenya to Address Forced Sterilization of HIV-Positive Women and Collection of Names of People Living With HIV"</a>. Health and Human Rights. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Boston-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boston_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boston_129-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fxb.harvard.edu/2015/07/21/kenya-forced-sterilization-and-women-with-hiv/">"Kenya, Forced Sterilization, & Women with HIV"</a>. FXB Center for Health & Human Rights | Harvard University. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Stephan, Jan; Kellogg, E. H. (1974). The world's laws concerning voluntary sterilization for family planning purposes. California Western International Law Journal, 5(1), 72-120.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:33-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_131-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFJadhavVala-Haynes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jadhav, Apoorva; Vala-Haynes, Emily (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/informed-choice-and-female-sterilization-in-south-asia-and-latin-america/57FE74D4DBE8CA1849EFFE9F5FD73AB9">"Informed Choice and Female Sterilization in South Asia and Latin America"</a>. Journal of Biosocial Science. 50 (6): 823–839. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021932017000621">10.1017/S0021932017000621</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9320">0021-9320</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29343307">29343307</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_132-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">El Estado como "aparato reproductor" de violencia contra las mujeres. Violencia contra las mujeres y tortura u otros malos tratos en ámbitos de salud sexual y reproductiva en América Latina y el Caribe. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications. 2016. p. 28.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">El Estado como "aparato reproductor" de violencia contra las mujeres. Violencia contra las mujeres y tortura u otros malos tratos en ámbitos de salud sexual y reproductiva en América Latina y el Caribe (in Spanish). United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications. 2016. p. 27.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bbc-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_134-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2148793.stm">"Mass sterilization scandal shocks Peru"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 July 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630062037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2148793.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarranza_Ko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Carranza Ko, Ñusta (4 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss2/8">"Making the Case for Genocide, the Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Peoples of Peru"</a>. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 14 (2): 90–103. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.2.1740">10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1740</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Diplo-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_136-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2004/05/BARTHELEMY/11190">Stérilisations forcées des Indiennes du Pérou</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140510120620/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2004/05/BARTHELEMY/11190">Archived</a> 2014-05-10 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>, May 2004

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906034940/http://www.usaid.gov/press/spe_test/testimony/1998/test079.htm">"USAID Testimony: House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights, 2/25/98"</a>. USAID. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/press/spe_test/testimony/1998/test079.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impunitywatch.com/?p=21794">Thousands of Forced Sterilization Cases Reopened in Peru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235249/http://impunitywatch.com/?p=21794">Archived</a> 2014-04-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Impunity Watch, published 14 November 2011

</li>

<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56201575">"Peru forced sterilisations case reaches key stage"</a>. BBC News. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFthecanadian2021" class="citation web cs1">thecanadian (12 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadian.news/2021/12/12/forced-sterilizations-fujimori-should-go-to-court-in-peru/">"Forced sterilizations: Fujimori should go to court in Peru"</a>. The Canadian. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAllenovaTsvetkova2016" class="citation news cs1">Allenova, Olga; Tsvetkova, Roza (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2950620">"ПНИ — это смесь больницы и тюрьмы"</a> [PNI is a mixture of hospital and prison]. Коммерсантъ-Власть. No. 13. p. 12. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Essack-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Essack_142-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEssackStrode2012" class="citation journal cs1">Essack, Zaynab; Strode, Ann (2012). "'I feel like half a woman all the time': The impacts of coerced and forced sterilisations on HIV-positive women in South Africa". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity. 26 (12): 24–34. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10130950.2012.708583">10.1080/10130950.2012.708583</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1013-0950">1013-0950</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1141875">1141875</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:20-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_143-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dozens-hiv-positive-african-women-forcibly-sterilized-69198404">"Dozens of HIV-positive S. African women forcibly sterilized"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:22-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_144-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51637751">"Forced sterilisation in South Africa: They removed my uterus"</a>. BBC News. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:32-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_145-3">d</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5790217/south-africa-hospitals-hiv-women-sterilization/">"Report: South African Hospitals 'Forcibly' Sterilized Women With HIV"</a>. Time. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/28/64/212fc81a.pdf">Steriliseringsfrågan i Sverige 1935–1975</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055543/http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/28/64/212fc81a.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SOU 2000:20, in Swedish with an English summary.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTydén2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tydén, Mattias (2002). Från politik till praktik: de svenska steriliseringslagarna 1935–1975. Stockholm studies in history, 0491-0842; 63 (in Swedish) (2., utvidgade uppl. ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 59. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-91-22-01958-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:42-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_148-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBalz1997" class="citation news cs1">Balz, Dan (29 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/08/29/sweden-sterilized-thousands-of-useless-citizens-for-decades/3b9abaac-c2a6-4be9-9b77-a147f5dc841b/">"SWEDEN STERILIZED THOUSANDS OF 'USELESS' CITIZENS FOR DECADES"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPasulka" class="citation web cs1">Pasulka, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/01/sweden-still-forcing-sterilization/">"Forced Sterilization for Transgender People in Sweden"</a>. Mother Jones. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:52-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_150-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFNelson2013" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Rebecca (14 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/01/14/transgender-people-in-sweden-no-longer-face-forced-sterilization/">"Transgender People in Sweden No Longer Face Forced Sterilization"</a>. Time. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tgeu.org/sweden-announces-to-pay-compensation-to-trans-people/">"Sweden announces to pay compensation to trans people"</a>. TGEU. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Gilbert, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour-online/594-churchill-and-eugenics">Churchill and Eugenics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215071541/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour-online/594-churchill-and-eugenics">Archived</a> 2013-12-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:05-153"><a href="#cite_ref-:05_153-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/blue-plaque-stories/eugenics/">"Eugenics in Britain"</a>. English Heritage. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGallagher2015" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, James (4 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-31128969">"Mother of six 'can be sterilised' – court ruling"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208051831/http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31128969">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIredale2000" class="citation journal cs1">Iredale, Rachel (2000). "Eugenics And Its Relevance To Contemporary Health Care". Nursing Ethics. 7 (3): 205–14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096973300000700303">10.1177/096973300000700303</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10986944">10986944</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37888613">37888613</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Leonard2005-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2005_156-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeonard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Thomas C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/%7Etleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf">"Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era"</a> (PDF). <a href="Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a>. 19 (4): 207–224. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533005775196642">10.1257/089533005775196642</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218214328/http://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHansen,_King2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, King, Randall, Desmond (Summer 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248650104">"Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests, and Policy Variance: Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and the U.S"</a>. World Politics. 53 (2): 237–263. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2001.0003">10.1353/wp.2001.0003</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18193564">18193564</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19634871">19634871</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809053048/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Randall_Hansen/publication/248650104_Eugenic_Ideas_Political_Interests_and_Policy_Variance_Immigration_and_Sterilization_Policy_in_Britain_and_the_US/links/5548bc640cf27c5000668062/Eugenic-Ideas-Political-Interests-and-Policy-Variance-Immigration-and-Sterilization-Policy-in-Britain-and-the-US.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Interview with <a href="Alexandra_Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Stern">Alexandra Minna Stern</a>, Ph.D. of University of Michigan in Spanish newspaper <a href="El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> published on 12 July 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2013/07/12/actualidad/1373652806_358454.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715102459/http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2013/07/12/actualidad/1373652806_358454.html">Archived</a> 2013-07-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Open_WorldCat-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Open_WorldCat_159-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKevles1985" class="citation book cs1">Kevles, Daniel (12 April 1985). In the name of eugenics: Genetics and the uses of human heredity (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-394-50702-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> The Indiana Supreme Court overturned the law in 1921 in <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001183035/http://www.bioethics.iupui.edu/Eugenics/SMith%20vs%20Williams.pdf">"Williams et al v. Smith, 131 NE 2 (Ind.), 1921"</a> (PDF). Northeastern Reporter. 131: 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioethics.iupui.edu/Eugenics/SMith%20vs%20Williams.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2013" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Rodger (2013). Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt. Cody, Wyoming: WordsWorth. pp. 40ff. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0983027591</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKluchin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kluchin, Rebecca (2009). Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/">"A 1970 Law Led to the Mass Sterilization of Native American Women. That History Still Matters"</a>. Time. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRuiz_and_Sanchez_Korrol2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruiz and Sanchez Korrol, Vicki L and Virginia (2006). Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-oregonapology-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oregonapology_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oregonapology_165-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGovernor_John_Kitzhaber2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="John_Kitzhaber" title="John Kitzhaber">Governor John Kitzhaber</a> (2 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528024042/http://archivedwebsites.sos.state.or.us/Governor_Kitzhaber_2003/governor/speeches/s021202.htm">"Proclamation of Human Rights Day, and apology for Oregon's forced sterilization of institutionalized patients"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivedwebsites.sos.state.or.us/Governor_Kitzhaber_2003/governor/speeches/s021202.htm">the original</a> on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Julie Sullivan. (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZFBWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jesDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6596,4132204">State will admit sterilization past</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107221309/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZFBWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jesDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6596,4132204">Archived</a> 2016-01-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Portland Oregonian, 15 November 2002. (Mirrored in Eugene Register-Guard, 16 November 2002, at <a href="Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a>.)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> On California sterilizations and their connection to the Nazi program, see: Stefan Kühl, The Nazi connection: Eugenics, American racism, and German National Socialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Alexandra Stern, Eugenic nation: faults and frontiers of better breeding in modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); and Wendy Kline, Building a better race: gender, sexuality, and eugenics from the turn of the century to the baby boom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/518/789/2128853/">"Poe v. Lynchburg Training School and Hospital, 518 F. Supp. 789 (W.D. Va. 1981)"</a>. Justia US Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929111215/http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/518/789/2128853/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-app.leg.wa.gov-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app.leg.wa.gov_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-app.leg.wa.gov_169-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9.92.100">"RCW 9.92.100: Prevention of procreation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407121003/http://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9.92.100">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toolan.com/hitler/append1.html">"Note that this is not a comprehensive list of states which had sterilization laws on the books at any given time (some states had their laws overturned in courts very early on) nor an indication of when states' laws were active (some ceased to be used much earlier)"</a>. Toolan.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417184442/http://www.toolan.com/hitler/append1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sterilizationvictims.nc.gov/">"Office for Justice for Sterilization Victims"</a>. North Carolina Department of Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402135129/http://www.sterilizationvictims.nc.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-northcarolina-172"><a href="#cite_ref-northcarolina_172-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/north-carolina-offers-10-million-for-victims-of-forced-sterilization-program/">"North Carolina offers $10 million for victims of forced-sterilization program"</a>. <a href="Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 27 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801012025/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/07/27/north-carolina-offers-10-million-for-victims-forced-sterilization-program/#ixzz2b2soYWOu">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> VA Man Agrees to Get Vasectomy as Part of Plea Deal, Fox News Insider, 24 June 2014. <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insider.foxnews.com/2014/06/24/va-man-required-get-vasectomy-part-plea-deal">"VA Man Agrees to Get Vasectomy as Part of Plea Deal"</a>. 24 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020091323/http://insider.foxnews.com/2014/06/24/va-man-required-get-vasectomy-part-plea-deal">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020092013/http://insider.foxnews.com/2013/02/05/stop-having-kids-judge-orders-man-owing-100k-in-child-support-payments-to-quit-procreating">"'Stop Having Kids!': Judge Orders Man Owing $100K in Child Support Payments to Quit Procreating"</a>. Fox News Insider. 5 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insider.foxnews.com/2013/02/05/stop-having-kids-judge-orders-man-owing-100k-in-child-support-payments-to-quit-procreating">the original</a> on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kevin-175"><a href="#cite_ref-kevin_175-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMaillard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Maillard, Kevin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/gender-sexuality/maillard_draft_0.pdf">"Serial Paternity"</a> (PDF). Mich. St. L. Rev. 1369. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235714/http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/gender-sexuality/maillard_draft_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016. <q>By conditioning reproduction on an event unlikely to happen, this amounts to constructive sterilization—an indirect prohibition on reproduction.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_176-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jul/19/california-forced-sterilization-prison-survivors-reparations">"Survivors of California's forced sterilizations: 'It's like my life wasn't worth anything'"</a>. the Guardian. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/belly-of-the-beast-7puv5r/">Independent Lens | Belly of the Beast | Season 22 | Episode 4</a>, retrieved 4 January 2022</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:14-178"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_178-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/main-news/ice-detainees-alleged-hysterectomies-recall-long-history-forced-sterilizations">"ICE detainees' alleged hysterectomies recall a long history of forced sterilizations | University of Toronto Mississauga"</a>. www.utm.utoronto.ca. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/dec/22/ice-gynecologist-hysterectomies-georgia">"More immigrant women say they were abused by Ice gynecologist"</a>. The Guardian. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2020/09/mexico-demands-the-us-for-answers-on-alleged-migrant-hysterectomies/">"Mexico demands the US for answers on alleged migrant hysterectomies"</a>. The Yucatan Times. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2020/09/mexico-demands-the-us-for-answers-on-alleged-migrant-hysterectomies/">"Mexico demands the US for answers on alleged migrant hysterectomies"</a>. The Yucatan Times. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/274/200">"Buck v. Bell"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623010556/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/274/200">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKluchin2011" class="citation book cs1">Kluchin, Rebecca M (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbXeTqBPiP8C&pg=PA17">Fit to be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780813549996</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610143115/https://books.google.com/books?id=fbXeTqBPiP8C&pg=PA17&">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> On the legal history of eugenic sterilization in the U.S., see <cite id="CITEREFLombardo" class="citation web cs1">Lombardo, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/essay8text.html">"Eugenic Sterilization Laws"</a>. Eugenics Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701030240/http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/essay8text.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:04-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_185-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://disabilityjustice.org/right-to-self-determination-freedom-from-involuntary-sterilization/">"The Right to Self-Determination: Freedom from Involuntary Sterilization"</a>. Disability Justice. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Ethics2007" class="citation journal cs1">Committee on Ethics (2007). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 371: Sterilization of Women, Including Those with Mental Disabilities". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 110 (1): 217–220. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000263915.70071.29">10.1097/01.AOG.0000263915.70071.29</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17601925">17601925</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Involuntary sterilization of persons with mental retardation: An ethical analysis, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, pages 21–26, 2003. <cite id="CITEREFDiekema2003" class="citation journal cs1">Diekema, Douglas S. (2003). "Involuntary sterilization of persons with mental retardation: An ethical analysis". Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 9 (1): 21–26. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrdd.10053">10.1002/mrdd.10053</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12587134">12587134</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDenekensNysStuer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Denekens, JP; Nys, H; Stuer, H (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479215">"Sterilization of incompetent mentally handicapped persons: a model for decision making"</a>. Journal of Medical Ethics. 25 (3): 237–241. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.25.3.237">10.1136/jme.25.3.237</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479215">479215</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10390678">10390678</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Ashley Revisited: A Response to the Critics, American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2010. <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioethics.net/articles/ashley-revisited-a-response-to-the-critics/">"Ashley Revisited: A Response to the Critics | Bioethics.net"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807210745/http://www.bioethics.net/articles/ashley-revisited-a-response-to-the-critics/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The Ashley Treatment, March 2007. <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pillowangel.org/Ashley%20Treatment.pdf">"The "Ashley Treatment", Towards a Better Quality of Life for "Pillow Angels""</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216162353/http://pillowangel.org/Ashley%20Treatment.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:18-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_191-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFReiter2018" class="citation web cs1">Reiter, Jesse (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abclawcenters.com/blog/2018/11/06/involuntary-sterilization-of-disabled-americans-an-historical-overview/">"Involuntary Sterilization of Disabled Americans: An Historical Overview"</a>. www.abclawcenters.com. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:9-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_192-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmyRowlands2018" class="citation journal cs1">Amy, Jean-Jacques; Rowlands, Sam (19 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/30595/3/Forced%20sterilisation-EJCRHC-MS-Part%202%20SR%20comments%20addressed%20JJA.pdf">"Legalised non-consensual sterilisation – eugenics put into practice before 1945, and the aftermath. Part 2: Europe"</a> (PDF). The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care. 23 (3): 194–200. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13625187.2018.1458227">10.1080/13625187.2018.1458227</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1362-5187">1362-5187</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29671357">29671357</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4981162">4981162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305183759/http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/30595/3/Forced%20sterilisation-EJCRHC-MS-Part%202%20SR%20comments%20addressed%20JJA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGinzberg1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ginzberg, Janet F. (Fall 1992). "NOTE: COMPULSORY CONTRACEPTION AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION: THE USE AND ABUSE OF NORPLANT". Brooklyn Law Review. 58.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:10-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_194-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBerger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Emily (May 2007). "THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE POOR AND MINORITY TO HAVE FAMILIES: JUDGES AS FAMILY PLANNERS, THE VILIFICATION OF THE POOR, AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BLACK FAMILY". Rutgers Race & the Law Review. 8: 259–290.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:11-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_195-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBorreroZiteCreinin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Borrero, Sonya; Zite, Nikki; Creinin, Mitchell D. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3490665">"Federally Funded Sterilization: Time to Rethink Policy?"</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 102 (10): 1822–1825. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.2012.300850">10.2105/ajph.2012.300850</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036">0090-0036</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3490665">3490665</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22897531">22897531</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStern2013" class="citation web cs1">Stern, Alex (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sterilization-california-prisons_b_3631287">"Sterilization Abuse in State Prisons"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421075350/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-stern/sterilization-california-prisons_b_3631287.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1135">"SB 1135"</a>. CA Gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002061808/http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1135">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mass-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mass_198-24">y</a> <cite id="CITEREFMass1977" class="citation journal cs1">Mass, Bonnie (1 January 1977). "Puerto Rico: a Case Study of Population Control". Latin American Perspectives. 4 (4): 66–79. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582x7700400405">10.1177/0094582x7700400405</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11619430">11619430</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:416021">416021</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nick-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nick_199-9">j</a> <cite id="CITEREFThimmesch1968" class="citation journal cs1">Thimmesch, Nick (May 1968). "Puerto Rico and Birth Control". Journal of Marriage and Family. 30 (2): 252–262. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F349251">10.2307/349251</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/349251">349251</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/cgi-bin/blogs/familyplanning/2008/10/23/forced-sterilization-in-puerto-rico/">"Forced Sterilization in Puerto Rico " Family Planning"</a>. stanford.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721113445/http://stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/cgi-bin/blogs/familyplanning/2008/10/23/forced-sterilization-in-puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/cgi-bin/blogs/familyplanning/2008/10/30/puerto-rico-revisited/">"Puerto Rico Revisited " Family Planning"</a>. stanford.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208104209/http://stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/cgi-bin/blogs/familyplanning/2008/10/30/puerto-rico-revisited">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0968-8080%2897%2990006-9?needAccess=true">Abortion in Puerto Rico: The limits of colonial legality</a>, Yamila Azize-Vargas and Luis A. Avilés, Reproductive Health Matters 5(9) 1 May 1997, page 56 (page 2 of the pdf)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lopez-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_203-8">i</a> <cite id="CITEREFLopez1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez, Iris (1993). "Agency And Constraint: Sterilization And Reproductive Freedom Among Puerto Rican Women In New York City". Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development. 22 (3).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Briggs-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_204-10">k</a> <cite id="CITEREFBriggs2002" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Laura (2002). Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-520-22255-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-B-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_205-7">h</a> <cite id="CITEREFRamirez_de_ArellanoSeipp1983" class="citation book cs1">Ramirez de Arellano, Annette B.; Seipp, Conrad (1983). Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception: A History of Birth Control in Puerto Rico. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8078-1544-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Elena-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elena_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elena_206-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGutierrezFuentes2009–2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gutierrez, Elena R.; Fuentes, Liza (2009–2010). "Population Control by Sterilization: The Cases of Puerto Rican and Mexican-Origin Women in the United States". Latino(a) Research Review. 7 (3).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSkinner2019" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Nancy (18 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1190">SB-1190 – Eugenics Sterilization Compensation Program</a>. <a href="State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California">State of California</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130233/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1190">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Presser-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Presser_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presser_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presser_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presser_208-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presser_208-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presser_208-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presser_208-6">g</a> <cite id="CITEREFPresser1969" class="citation journal cs1">Presser, Harriet B. (November 1969). "The Role of Sterilization in Controlling Puerto Rican Fertility". Population Studies. 23 (3): 343–361. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2172875">10.2307/2172875</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2172875">2172875</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22073953">22073953</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bbc-news-2012-04-12-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-news-2012-04-12_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-news-2012-04-12_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-news-2012-04-12_209-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilizing women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">Archived</a> 2015-04-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bbc-cc-2012-04-12-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-cc-2012-04-12_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-cc-2012-04-12_210-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63">Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilization in Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903195248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fjx63">Archived</a> 2016-09-03 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, published 2012-04-12, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-moscow-2010-03-10-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moscow-2010-03-10_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moscow-2010-03-10_211-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html">Uzbeks Face Forced Sterilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203218/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/uzbeks-face-forced-sterilization/401279.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a> published 2010-03-10, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAntelava2012" class="citation news cs1">Antelava, Natalia (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550">"Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women"</a>. BBC World Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302071400/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17612550">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAntelava2012" class="citation news cs1">Antelava, Natalia (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">"Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women"</a>. BBC World Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17612550">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf">Shadow Report: UN Committee Against Torture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109020604/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/omctuzbekistan39.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-11-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, authors Rapid Response Group and OMCT, published November 2007, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/DDAD7F2786699CA7C12573910072F598?opendocument">Press Release: Committee Against Torture Hears Response of Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113184223/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/DDAD7F2786699CA7C12573910072F598?opendocument">Archived</a> 2009-01-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, published 2007-10-12, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-iwpr-2005-11-18-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwpr-2005-11-18_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwpr-2005-11-18_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwpr-2005-11-18_216-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan">Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019132115/http://iwpr.net/report-news/birth-control-decree-uzbekistan">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting</a>, published 2005-11-18, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uzbek-women-accuse-state-of-mass-sterilizations-2028987.html">Uzbek women accuse state of mass sterilizations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625061523/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uzbek-women-accuse-state-of-mass-sterilizations-2028987.html">Archived</a> 2017-06-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, published 2010-07-17, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64549">Uzbekistan: Presidential Decree on Birth Rate Leads to Increased Sterilization | EurasiaNet.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010426/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64549">Archived</a> 2014-04-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> published 2011-11-14, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkids.uz/">Our Kids: EU Parliamentarians Applaud MCH Project in Uzbekistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326161331/http://www.ourkids.uz/">Archived</a> 2010-03-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published 2010-10-28, accessed 2012-04-12

</li>

<li id="cite_note-theworld.org-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theworld.org_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theworld.org_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theworld.org_220-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFHackel2012" class="citation web cs1">Hackel, Joyce (12 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworld.org/2012/04/doctors-in-uzbekistan-say-government-forcibly-sterilizing-women/">"Doctors in Uzbekistan Say Government Forcibly Sterilizing Women"</a>. PRI's The World. Theworld.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830133502/http://www.theworld.org/2012/04/doctors-in-uzbekistan-say-government-forcibly-sterilizing-women/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/sca/154489.htm">"2010 Human Rights Report: Uzbekistan"</a>. 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> <a href="Bureau_of_Democracy%2C_Human_Rights%2C_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>. 8 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320140820/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/sca/154489.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RFE/RL-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFE/RL_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFE/RL_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFE/RL_222-2">c</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ozodlik.org/content/article/24584171.html">""Akhborot" censors Karimov"</a>. <a href="RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>'s Uzbek Service. 17 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529011406/http://www.ozodlik.org/content/article/24584171.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eurozine.com-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurozine.com_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurozine.com_223-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurozine.com/sterilization-in-norway-a-dark-chapter/">"Sterilization in Norway - a dark chapter?"</a>. www.eurozine.com. 9 April 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104082423/http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/5232a2b75c2ec50000000012">"Norway passes Sterilization Law"</a>. The Eugenics Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/5232a2b75c2ec50000000012">the original</a> on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaave2007" class="citation journal cs1">Haave, Per (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41345200">"Sterilization Under the Swastika: The Case of Norway"</a>. International Journal of Mental Health. 36 (1): 45–57. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FIMH0020-7411360104">10.2753/IMH0020-7411360104</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7411">0020-7411</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41345200">41345200</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72843082">72843082</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Gunnar Broberg</a> and <a href="Nils_Roll-Hansen" title="Nils Roll-Hansen">Nils Roll-Hansen</a>, eds., Eugenics And the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland (Michigan State University Press, 2005), it is unclear whether genocide investigations in regard of Hun descendant and pure Aryan types has been undertaken, and if concealment is attempted through the prevalence of cremation and allegation of psychiatric treatment facial mimicry of Mongolian types.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/world/530b988476f0db569b00000b">"Finland"</a>. The Eugenics Archives. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHemminkiRasimusForssas1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hemminki, Elina; Rasimus, Anja; Forssas, Erja (1 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953697001263">"Sterilization in Finland: From eugenics to contraception"</a>. Social Science & Medicine. 45 (12): 1875–1884. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2897%2900126-3">10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00126-3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-9536">0277-9536</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9447636">9447636</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sub.editors-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sub.editors_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sub.editors_229-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFTommy_Haemaelainen2020" class="citation web cs1">Tommy Haemaelainen (5 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palatinate.org.uk/trans-people-in-finland-are-still-being-forcibly-sterilised/">"Trans people in Finland are still being forcibly sterilised"</a>. Palatinate. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, Priti (14 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5809857">"Forced sterilization of women as discrimination"</a>. Public Health Reviews. 38 15. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40985-017-0060-9">10.1186/s40985-017-0060-9</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-0422">0301-0422</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5809857">5809857</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450087">29450087</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWecker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wecker, Regina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26266047">"Eugenics in Switzerland before and after 1945 – a Continuum?"</a>. Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift für moderne europäische Geschichte / Revue d'histoire européenne contemporaine. 10 (4): 519–539. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17104%2F1611-8944_2012_4_519">10.17104/1611-8944_2012_4_519</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1611-8944">1611-8944</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26266047">26266047</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144049480">144049480</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/new-laws-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-sterilisation/2596540">"New laws to compensate victims of forced sterilisation"</a>. SWI swissinfo.ch. 13 March 2002. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, Priti (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5809857">"Forced sterilization of women as discrimination"</a>. Public Health Reviews. 38 15. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40985-017-0060-9">10.1186/s40985-017-0060-9</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5809857">5809857</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450087">29450087</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div>

<table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist ----"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic%2C_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Autism_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Children's_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li>

<li><a href="Creditors'_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled</a></li>

<li><a href="Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_rights" title="Family rights">Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetus</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</a></li>

<li><a href="Parents'_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fathers'_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Mothers'_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patients'_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</a></li>

<li><a href="Prisoners'_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Robot_rights_or_AI_rights" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Robots</a></li>

<li><a href="States'_rights" title="States' rights">States</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students</a></li>

<li><a href="Victims'_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</a>

<ul><li><a href="Right_to_an_effective_remedy" title="Right to an effective remedy">Effective remedy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women's_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Other groups of rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_public_participation" title="Right to public participation">Public participation</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Resist</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_revolution" title="Right of revolution">Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and Reproductive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abortion-rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAlvaradoTietze1947" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarado, Carmen; Tietze, C. (1947). "Birth Control in Puerto Rico". Human Fertility. 22 (1): 15–17.</cite></li>

<li>Back, K., R. Hill and J.M. Stycos. "The Puerto Rican Field Experience in Population Control." Human Relations (1956):315–334.</li>

<li><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/b-c-faces-forced-sterilization-lawsuit-1.368012">"B.C. faces forced sterilization lawsuit"</a>. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 February 2003. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFClarke2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Clarke, Nic (2010). "Sacred Daemons: Exploring British Columbian Society's Perceptions of "Mentally Deficient" Children, 1870–1930". BC Studies. 144: Being Young: Journeys to Young Adulthood (144: Being Young: Journeys to Young Adulthood): 61–89. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2Fbcs.v0i144.1743">10.14288/bcs.v0i144.1743</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDowbiggin2003" class="citation book cs1">Dowbiggin, Ian Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMTJG0E4PPMC">Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada 1880–1940</a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0801483980</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrekulKrahnOdynak2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grekul, Jana; Krahn, H.; Odynak (2004). "Sterilizing the 'Feeble-minded': Eugenics in Alberta, Canada, 1929–1972". Journal of Historical Sociology. 17 (4): 358–384. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6443.2004.00237.x">10.1111/j.1467-6443.2004.00237.x</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHill1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Reuben_Hill" title="Reuben Hill">Hill, Reuben</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8knAAAAYAAJ">The family and population control: a Puerto Rican experiment in social change</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0807807507</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/175122">175122</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li>Manitoba Law Reform Commission. Discussion Paper on Sterilization of Minors and Mentally Incompetent Adults. Winnipeg: 1990.</li>

<li>Manitoba Law Reform Commission. Report on Sterilization and Legal Incompetence. Winnipeg: 1993.</li>

<li>McLaren, Angus. Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885–1945. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRosen2004" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Christine (2004). Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement. Oxford University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019515679X.001.0001">10.1093/019515679X.001.0001</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0195156799</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSpiro2009" class="citation book cs1">Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. Univ. of Vermont Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58465-715-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTucker2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)" title="William H. Tucker (psychologist)">Tucker, William H.</a> (2007). The funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. <a href="University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-252-07463-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWahlsten1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wahlsten, Douglas (1997). "Leilani Muir versus the Philosopher Kings: Eugenics on trial in Alberta". Genetica. 99 (2–3): 195–198. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.476.9688">10.1.1.476.9688</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02259522">10.1007/bf02259522</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9463073">9463073</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45536970">45536970</a>.</cite></li>

<li>"Nine women sterilized in B.C. have lawsuits settled for $450,000". The Vancouver Sun'. 21 December 2005.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWarrenWestoffHeroldRochat1986" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, Charles W.; Westoff, Charles F.; Herold, Joan M.; Rochat, Roger W.; Smith, Jack C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2061435">"Contraceptive Sterilization in Puerto Rico"</a>. Demography. 23 (3): 351–365. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2061435">10.2307/2061435</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2061435">2061435</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3758445">3758445</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5096252">5096252</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623144033/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/forcedsterilization.html">Forced Sterilization</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/historical/eugenics/index.cfm">"Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics, and Buck v. Bell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517120432/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/historical/eugenics/index.cfm">Archived</a> 17 May 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>(US)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/eugenics/">"Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics, and Buck v. Bell"</a> (US)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/">Eugenics Archive</a> (US)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026014306/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/deadlymedicine/">"Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race"</a> (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum exhibit) (Germany, US)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219223913/http://home.earthlink.net/~thetabus/eugenics/">Eugenics – A Psychiatric Responsibility</a> (History of Eugenics in Germany)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=615">"Sterilization Law in Germany"</a> (includes text of 1933 German law in appendix)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crin.org/docs/resources/treaties/crc.12/China_CFT2_NGO_Report.pdf">"Genocide in Tibet – Children of Despair"</a>(NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://embryo.asu.edu/pages/buck-v-bell-1927">"Buck v. Bell (1927)" by N. Antonios and C. Raup at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia </a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Women&#039;s_health729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div id="x18px_Women&#039;s_health729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="Women's_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Reproductive health</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Reproductive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li>

<li><a href="Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li>

<li><a href="Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li>

<li><a href="Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a>

<ul><li><a href="Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li>

<li><a href="Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li>

<li><a href="Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li>

<li><a href="Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li>

<li><a href="Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li>

<li><a href="Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li>

<li><a href="Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a>

<li><a href="Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li>

<li><a href="In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and <a href="Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li>

<li><a href="Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li>

<li><a href="Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li>

<li><a href="Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li>

<li><a href="Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li>

<li><a href="Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a></li>

<li><a href="Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li>

<li><a href="Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li>

<li><a href="Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li>

<li><a href="Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li>

<li><a href="Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li>

<li><a href="Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li>

<li><a href="Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections72" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a>

<ul><li><a href="HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li>

<li><a href="Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women114" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a>

<li><a href="Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a>

<ul><li><a href="Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alzheimer's_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li>

<li><a href="Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li>

<li><a href="Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li>

<li><a href="Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li>

<li><a href="Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li>

<li><a href="Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li>

<li><a href="UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Research_on_Women's_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurses'_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Women's_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Women's_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Women's_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a>

<ul><li><a href="Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women's_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></li>

<li>WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li>

<li><a href="Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>

<li><a href="Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">